BIOL 1584 - Exam 1

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UARK biology 1584 class with Faith Lessner

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119 Terms
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Atom

the smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances

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Carbon

the building block of all living matter

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Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

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Compound

any molecule composed of two or more elements

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Macromolecule

large, complex organic molecules

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Covalent bond

electrons are shared to fill valence (outer) shells in single, double, or triple bonds; very strong

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Ionic bond

electrons are transferred, forming ions that are attracted to each other; intermediate strength

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Hydrogen bond

hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom from another molecule; weakest bond

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Chemical reaction

when one or more substances are changed into other substances

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Condensation reaction

two molecules are combined to form a single molecule usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water

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Hydrolysis reaction

involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.

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Taxonomy

the grouping of species based on common ancestry

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Prokaryotes

small, simple cells that lack sub-cellular organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria or nuclei; typically unicellular

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Eukaryotes

more complex; uni- and multicellular; have organelles such as mitochondria, nuclei, chloroplasts; typically larger cells

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Cell theory

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells; cells are the smallest units of life; new cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division

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Domain bacteria

mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse (some extreme) environments on Earth

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Cytoplasm

everything contained within the plasma membrane (cytosol, endomembrane system, mitochondria, etc)

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Nucleoid region

where DNA is located

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Cell wall

provides support and protection

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Glycocalyx

traps water, gives protection, helps evade immune system

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Domain archaea

unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments

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Plasma membrane

Boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment

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Ecology

the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments

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Organismal ecology

the study of the ways in which individual organisms meet challenges of their environments

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Behavioral Ecology

how individual behavior contributes to reproductive success and survival

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Physiological Ecology

physiological changes that allow organisms to adapt to their environment and how the environment impacts the distribution of species

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Conditioning

when response to a stimulus can be modified by learning

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Non-associative learning

learning without an association to positive or negative reinforcement

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Associative learning

behavior is changed through a positive or negative association between a stimulus and response

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Cognitive learning

learning/solving problems that require conscious thought (frequently involves perception, analysis, judgment and senses; also may involve memory and decision-making)

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Classical conditioning

involuntary response is associated with a neutral stimulus that did not originally elicit the response

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Operant Conditioning

Voluntary response is reinforced by a consequence (reward or punishment)

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Migration

long-range seasonal movement linked to temperature, food availability, and suitable breeding grounds

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Habituation

a form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus

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Critical period

a limited time during development when learning can be coupled with innate behavior

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Optimal Foraging Theory

idea that animals will do cost/benefit analysis in finding a food source; needs to be advantageous to the individual

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Population

group of interbreeding individuals (or species) living in the same geographic area at a given time

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Population density

number of organisms in a given area

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Dispersion

the spacing of a population in a given area

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Semelparity

produces all offspring in a single reproductive event; reproduce 1x then die

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Iteroparity

repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle (seasonal/continuous)

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Density-dependent factors

factors that will affect mortality in a population because of the population's density

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Density-independent factor

factors that will affect mortality in a population independent of the population's density

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Community

the assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time

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Species richness

the number of species in a community

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Succession

the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure following a disturbance; the species changing and species richness over time

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Primary succession

newly exposed site is colonized by living things for the first time; when new land is formed or bare rock exposed (volcano/glacier retreat; no soil present)

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Secondary succession

site where organisms used to live, was disturbed, and now recolonized; soil and nutrients still present (result of fire, tornado, flood, etc)

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Ecosystem ecology

studies the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities

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Heterotrophs

get organics from their environment

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Chemical element

Each specific type of atom is a _______

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Proton information

  • Subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

  • Have a positive charge of +1.

  • The number in the atom determines its atomic number.

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Neutron information

  • Subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

  • They have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (AMU) and no electrical charge.

  • The number in the atom can vary, resulting in different isotopes of an element.

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Electron information

  • Subatomic particle with a negative charge

  • Found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus

  • Determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an atom

  • Involved in the formation of chemical bonds

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makes up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

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What percent of atoms in living organisms do mineral elements make up

less than 1%

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what percent of atoms in living organisms do trace elements make up

Less than 0.01%

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Biologically important functional groups that bind to carbon

amino acids

carboxyl

hydroxyl

phosphate

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Properties of chemical reactions

Breaks/forms bonds

Requires a source of energy

In living organisms, they often require an enzyme as catalyst

Tend to proceed in a particular direction but will eventually reach equilibrium

Occur in liquid (water)

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Organic molecules

Molecules that contain carbon

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Examples of macromolecules

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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What is in the carboxyl group

amino acids and fatty acids

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What is in the hydroxyl group

steroids, alcohol, carbohydrates, and some amino acids

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What is in the phosphate group

Nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids

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Principles/characteristics of living things:

Reproduce

Evolve/adapt

Maintain homeostasis

Made of cells

Need energy

Grow/develop

Have genetic material

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Levels of biological organization:

Atoms

Molecules/macromolecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

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Binomial nomenclature

the specific name for each species

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Organisms are classified based on

domain, genus, then species

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Features all cells have:

Phospholipid bilayer

cytoplasm

genetic material

ribosomes

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Three domains of life

bacteria

archaea

eukarya

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Types of prokaryotes

Bacteria and archaea

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Characteristics of prokaryotes

simple cell structure with no nucleus or subcellular organelles

mostly unicellular

occur as single cells, pairs, or filaments

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Shapes of bacteria

Spheres (coccus/cocci)

Rods (bacillus/ bacilli)

Comma-shaped (vibrio/vibrios)

Spiral-shaped flexible (spirochete/spirochetes)

Spiral-shaped rigid (spirillum/spirilla)

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Characteristics of eukaryotes

DNA is housed inside a membrane-bound nucleus

compartmentalized functions

organelles each have their own unique structure and function

lots of variety between cell types and species

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Plasma membrane functions

Membrane transport in and out of cell with selective permeability

Cell adhesion

Cell signaling using receptors

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Bacterial cell structure

Cytoplasm, nucleoid region, and ribosomes are inside the plasma membrane

cell wall, glycocalyx, and appendages are outside the plasma membrane

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Ribosomes

responsible for making/synthesizing proteins

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DNA

responsible for storage, transmission, and expression of genetic material

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as cells get larger, the ______________ gets smaller, affecting cell function

surface area-to-volume ratio; important to bring in nutrients, remove wastes, and transport

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Chloroplasts

Use photosynthesis

Found in nearly all species of plants and algae

Have an outer and inner membrane

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Mitochondrion

Have outer and inner membranes

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

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Evidence of endosymbiosis

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Grow and self-replicate by binary fission

Have their own circular DNA (like bacteria)

Have two membranes

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Cell morphology

Size and shape of eukaryotic cells show great variation

Even cells that share the same genome can have very different morphologies

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Mitochondria derived from

proteobacteria (purple bacteria)

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