BIOL 1584 - Exam 1

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UARK biology 1584 class with Faith Lessner

Biology

Cells

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119 Terms

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Atom
the smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances
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Carbon
the building block of all living matter
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Molecule
two or more atoms bonded together
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Compound
any molecule composed of two or more elements
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Macromolecule
large, complex organic molecules
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Covalent bond
electrons are shared to fill valence (outer) shells in single, double, or triple bonds; very strong
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Ionic bond
electrons are transferred, forming ions that are attracted to each other; intermediate strength
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Hydrogen bond
hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom from another molecule; weakest bond
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Chemical reaction
when one or more substances are changed into other substances
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Condensation reaction
two molecules are combined to form a single molecule usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water
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Hydrolysis reaction
involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.
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Taxonomy
the grouping of species based on common ancestry
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Prokaryotes
small, simple cells that lack sub-cellular organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria or nuclei; typically unicellular
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Eukaryotes
more complex; uni- and multicellular; have organelles such as mitochondria, nuclei, chloroplasts; typically larger cells
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Cell theory
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells; cells are the smallest units of life; new cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division
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Domain bacteria
mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse (some extreme) environments on Earth
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Cytoplasm
everything contained within the plasma membrane (cytosol, endomembrane system, mitochondria, etc)
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Nucleoid region
where DNA is located
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Cell wall
provides support and protection
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Glycocalyx
traps water, gives protection, helps evade immune system
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Domain archaea
unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments
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Plasma membrane
Boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment
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Ecology
the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments
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Organismal ecology
the study of the ways in which individual organisms meet challenges of their environments
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Behavioral Ecology
how individual behavior contributes to reproductive success and survival
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Physiological Ecology
physiological changes that allow organisms to adapt to their environment and how the environment impacts the distribution of species
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Conditioning
when response to a stimulus can be modified by learning
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Non-associative learning
learning without an association to positive or negative reinforcement
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Associative learning
behavior is changed through a positive or negative association between a stimulus and response
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Cognitive learning
learning/solving problems that require conscious thought (frequently involves perception, analysis, judgment and senses; also may involve memory and decision-making)
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Classical conditioning
involuntary response is associated with a neutral stimulus that did not originally elicit the response
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Operant Conditioning
Voluntary response is reinforced by a consequence (reward or punishment)
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Migration
long-range seasonal movement linked to temperature, food availability, and suitable breeding grounds
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Habituation
a form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus
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Critical period
a limited time during development when learning can be coupled with innate behavior
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Optimal Foraging Theory
idea that animals will do cost/benefit analysis in finding a food source; needs to be advantageous to the individual
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Population
group of interbreeding individuals (or species) living in the same geographic area at a given time
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Population density
number of organisms in a given area
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Dispersion
the spacing of a population in a given area
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Semelparity
produces all offspring in a single reproductive event; reproduce 1x then die
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Iteroparity
repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle (seasonal/continuous)
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Density-dependent factors
factors that will affect mortality in a population because of the population's density
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Density-independent factor
factors that will affect mortality in a population independent of the population's density
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Community
the assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time
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Species richness
the number of species in a community
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Succession
the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure following a disturbance; the species changing and species richness over time
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Primary succession
newly exposed site is colonized by living things for the first time; when new land is formed or bare rock exposed (volcano/glacier retreat; no soil present)
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Secondary succession
site where organisms used to live, was disturbed, and now recolonized; soil and nutrients still present (result of fire, tornado, flood, etc)
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Ecosystem ecology
studies the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities
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Heterotrophs
get organics from their environment
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Chemical element
Each specific type of atom is a _______
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Proton information
* Subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
* Have a positive charge of +1.
* The number in the atom determines its atomic number.
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Neutron information
* Subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
* They have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (AMU) and no electrical charge.
* The number in the atom can vary, resulting in different isotopes of an element.
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Electron information
* Subatomic particle with a negative charge
* Found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus
* Determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an atom
* Involved in the formation of chemical bonds
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makes up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
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What percent of atoms in living organisms do mineral elements make up
less than 1%
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what percent of atoms in living organisms do trace elements make up
Less than 0.01%
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Biologically important functional groups that bind to carbon
amino acids

carboxyl

hydroxyl

phosphate
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Properties of chemical reactions
Breaks/forms bonds

Requires a source of energy

In living organisms, they often require an enzyme as catalyst

Tend to proceed in a particular direction but will eventually reach equilibrium

Occur in liquid (water)
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Organic molecules
Molecules that contain carbon
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Examples of macromolecules
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
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What is in the carboxyl group
amino acids and fatty acids
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What is in the hydroxyl group
steroids, alcohol, carbohydrates, and some amino acids
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What is in the phosphate group
Nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids
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Principles/characteristics of living things:
Reproduce

Evolve/adapt

Maintain homeostasis

Made of cells

Need energy

Grow/develop

Have genetic material
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Levels of biological organization:
Atoms

Molecules/macromolecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere
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Binomial nomenclature
the specific name for each species
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Organisms are classified based on
domain, genus, then species
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Features all cells have:
Phospholipid bilayer

cytoplasm

genetic material

ribosomes
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Three domains of life
bacteria

archaea

eukarya
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Types of prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
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Characteristics of prokaryotes
simple cell structure with no nucleus or subcellular organelles

mostly unicellular

occur as single cells, pairs, or filaments
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Shapes of bacteria
Spheres (coccus/cocci)

Rods (bacillus/ bacilli)

Comma-shaped (vibrio/vibrios)

Spiral-shaped flexible (spirochete/spirochetes)

Spiral-shaped rigid (spirillum/spirilla)
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Characteristics of eukaryotes
DNA is housed inside a membrane-bound nucleus

compartmentalized functions

organelles each have their own unique structure and function

lots of variety between cell types and species
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Plasma membrane functions
Membrane transport in and out of cell with selective permeability

Cell adhesion

Cell signaling using receptors
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Bacterial cell structure
Cytoplasm, nucleoid region, and ribosomes are inside the plasma membrane

cell wall, glycocalyx, and appendages are outside the plasma membrane
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Ribosomes
responsible for making/synthesizing proteins
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DNA
responsible for storage, transmission, and expression of genetic material
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as cells get larger, the ______________ gets smaller, affecting cell function
surface area-to-volume ratio; important to bring in nutrients, remove wastes, and transport
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Chloroplasts
Use photosynthesis

Found in nearly all species of plants and algae

Have an outer and inner membrane
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Mitochondrion
Have outer and inner membranes

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
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Evidence of endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Grow and self-replicate by binary fission

Have their own circular DNA (like bacteria)

Have two membranes
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Cell morphology
Size and shape of eukaryotic cells show great variation

Even cells that share the same genome can have very different morphologies
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Mitochondria derived from
proteobacteria (purple bacteria)
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Chloroplasts derived from
cyanobacteria (photosynthetic blue-green bacteria)
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Similarities between domain archaea and eukaryotes
histone proteins

ribosomal proteins

RNA polymerases
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Archaea are the only organisms that can make
methane
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Extremophiles
a microorganism that thrives in extreme conditions
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Thermophile
Thrives in heat
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Psychrophile
Thrives in cold
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Halophile
Thrives in high salinity
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Acidophile
Thrives in high acidity
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Multicellular organisms must have:
cell communication between cells

cells attached to each other

some sort of cellular specialization
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What has an essential role in producing organic carbon and fixing nitrogen
cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria abundant in fresh water, oceans, wetlands, and on surfaces of arid soils
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Types of behavior
innate - instinctual and genetically-programmed

learned - behavior based on previous experience

cognition - requires conscious thought/senses/judgement
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Fixed action patterns
will continue to completion once initiated due to the sign stimulus
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Types of migration
Piloting - animal moves from one familiar landmark to the next

orientation - ability to follow compass bearing and travel in a straight line

navigation - follow compass bearings but can also set or adjust path
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Types of traps
pitfall

mist net

live trap

quadrat
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How to determine population density
Count individuals or count smaller groups, average, and extrapolate to larger