BIOL101: Ch. 10 - The Structure and Function of DNA

Nucleus

Where inside a cell is DNA stored?

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made of monomers called

DNA

Which is double stranded?

RNA

Which is single stranded?

RNA

Which has the sugar ribose?

C5H10O5

What is the chemical formula of ribose?

DNA

Which has the sugar deoxyribose?

C5H10O4

What is the chemical formula of deoxyribose?

Cytosine

In both DNA and RNA, G pairs with

Thymine

In DNA, A pairs with:

Uracil

In RNA, A pairs with:

Sugar and phosphate

The backbone of DNA is made up of ____ and _____.

Phosphodiester

The nucleotides are held together by _______ in the backbone

hydrogen

The two DNA molecules are held together by ______ bonds between the bases

Antiparallel

Are the strands of DNA parallel or anti-parallel?

Semi-Conservative Replication

Each ‘old’ strand acts as a template against which a new strand is synthesized

Opens up the two strands of DNA, so it breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands so it separates

What is the function of helicase?

Can extend and continue to synthesize our DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

DNA Ligase

Which enzyme helps create the covalent bonds between deoxyribose and phosphate in the DNA backbone?

Lagging strand

Would you find Okazaki fragments in the leading or lagging strand?

DNA Ligase

What enzyme glues Okazaki fragments together?

3’ to 5’

In what direction does DNA polymerase read the DNA? 3’ to 5’ or 5’ to 3’?

5’ to 3’

In what direction are the new strands synthesized? 3’ to 5’ or 5’ to 3’?

Origins of replication

The areas where DNA replication begins are called:

Gene

Is a sequence of DNA that codes for one functional product, like a polypeptide

One polypeptide

How many products (polypeptides) does 1 gene code for?

Synthesized

If a gene is being expressed then the protein is being: synthesized or suppressed

DNA

The blueprint or recipe for the protein is coded in the:

Nucleus

DNA is located in the

Ribosomes

Proteins are made by structures called ________ in the cytoplasm

No

Is DNA ever allowed to leave the nucleus?

RNA

The information in the DNA is transcribed into a molecule called ______, which goes out to the cytoplasm.

Nucleus

Where does transcription take place?

CTTATGT

Transcribe this piece of DNA:

GATTACA

RNA Polymerase

What enzyme creates mRNA from DNA?

Promoter

How does the RNA polymerase know where the gene starts? What region does it bind to?

Terminator

How does the RNA polymerase know where the gene ends? What region tells it to fall off?

Cap on 5’ end

What is added to the start of the mRNA?

Tail on 3’ end

What is added to the end of the mRNA?

Cap on 5’ end helps ribosomes attach and protects mRNA

What is the function of the cap on mRNA?

Tail on 3’ end protects against degradation and helps in interactions with the ribosome

What is the function of the tail on mRNA?

adenine

The tail is made of nucleotides with the base _________

Exons

The parts of the mRNA needed to make (express) the protein are called:

Introns

The junk DNA which is not needed to make the protein is called:

Introns

Which is spliced out (removed) from the mRNA: introns or exons?

Nucleotides

What is the language of DNA? Nucleotides or amino acids?

Amino acids

What is the language of proteins? Nucleotides or amino acids?

Cytoplasm

Where does translation take place?

mRNA

A codon is 3 nucleotides on the mRNA or tRNA?

tRNA

An anti-codon is 3 nucleotides on the mRNA or tRNA?

3 nucleotides

How many nucleotides code for 1 amino acid?

AUG

What is the start codon?

UAA, UGA, UAG

What are the 3 stop codons?

None

What amino acids do the stop codons code for?

Proline

What amino acid does the codon CCU code for?

Transfer

What does the t in tRNA stand for?

Amino acids

What does the tRNA transport?

tRNA

To make sure that we have the right amino acid, the mRNA codon is matched to the _____ anti-codon

Two

How many subunits make up a ribosome?

r

Ribosomes are made of _RNA and protein.

Nucleolus

Where is rRNA made?

Amino acid

What does the A stand for in A site?

Peptide

What does the P stand for in P site?

Exit

What does the E stand for in E site?

small

During initiation, the ______ subunit joins with the mRNA first.

anti

How does the small subunit know where to stick on? It looks for the ____ codon.

Methionine (AUG)

What is the first amino acid in every protein?

Peptide bonds

The bonds that form between amino acids are called:

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

What are the 4 levels of protein folding?

Rough ER

In which cell organelle are proteins often modified?

Is the process of breaking the polypeptide bonds between amino acids in proteins

What is meant by cleavage?

Adding a phosphate group from ATP to specific amino acids on a protein

What is meant by phosphorylation?

Is the enzymatic attachment of sugar chains to proteins, significantly altering their structure, stability, folding, function and interactions

What is meant by glycosylation?

DNA sequence

What is changed if there is a mutation?

Random

Are mutations programmed or random?

The protein won’t work correctly, The protein works better, The protein is not affected

What are the 3 possible results of mutation on the protein?

DNA polymerase

What enzyme usually works to prevent mutations during DNA replication?

Rare

Are mutations during DNA replication rare or common?

UV light, ionizing radiation, air pollution

List some known mutagens. I’ll start you off with cigarette smoke.

One base

In a point mutation, how many bases are changed?

deleted

In a frame-shift mutation bases are either inserted or ________

Point mutation

Is this a frame shift or point mutation in my name: HUPHES

Frame shift

Is this a frame shift or point mutation in this sentence: HEF ATC ATS AT

Frame shift

Is this a frame shift or point mutation in this sentence: HEF ATC ATS AT

Silent

If there is a mutation in DNA but the amino acid code remains the same, the mutation is:

Missense

If there is a mutation in DNA and the amino acid code is different, the mutation is:

Nonsense

If there is a mutation in DNA and the polypeptide is much too short, the mutation is:

One

In sickle cell anemia, how many bases are changed/mutated?

Beta chain

Where is the mutation on the alpha or beta chain?

Missense

Is the mutation of SSA silent, missense or nonsense?

No

Does the hemoglobin protein function correctly in SSA?

Severe malaria/Plasmodium Falciparum

SSA protects you from which other disease?

Primary Structure

Which level has a straight chain of AA?

Secondary Structure

Which level do alpha helix and beta sheet form?

Tertiary

Which level does the 3D structure emerge?

Quaternary

Which level do several polypeptides come together to make a protein?