Sports therapy terminology & anatomy

Medial

towards the mid-line of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or the body itself

Distal

Further away

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Abduction

movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Plantar flexion

Foot bending into the ground

Lateral flexion

Side-bending left or right

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

muscles can only ___ not ___

pull, push

To move a joint the muscle has to

Cross it

Muscles work in pairs

agonist and antagonist

Functions of the skeleton

support, protection, movement

Tendons

Attaches muscle to bone

Ligaments

bone to bone

Bursae

fluid filled sacs

Menisci

flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of some joints

Dysfunction

Aches, straining muscles

Injury

Something that's happened once or more

injured tissue

Broken, so can't treat straight away

Sprain

Ligaments

Strain

Muscle or tendons

Itis

inflammation of

Contusion, bruise, haematoma

Blood, bleeding, blood vessels

Avulsions

fragment of bone pulled away at the bony attachment of a tendon or ligament

Tendinopathy

the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint, for example in the rotator cuff

1st grade injury

Mild - 20% of tears

2nd grade injury

Moderate - 20-80% of tears

3rd grade injury

Severe / complete rupture

acute tissue injury

-Usually results from a traumatic, singular event

What is sports massage used for ?

Sports tissue therapy is the management, manipulation and rehabilitation of soft tissues in the body

electromyography

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

Why do we care about muscle activation

This knowledge and understanding from EMG's will explain skeletal movement in terms of the muscle forces acting which we can then advise on improvements to technique

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Lateral

away from the midline

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

Types of long bones

Humerus, femur, clavicle

Long bones are

levers acted upon by muscles, support rigid frame for the body, blood cell formation

Structure of long bones

diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum

Bone tissue types

compact bone and spongy bone

Bone as a tissue

Bone growth (Homeostasis)

Osteoblasts - create bone mass

Osteoclasts - destroy bone mass

Anterior Deltoid

shoulder flexion

Lateral deltoid

shoulder abduction

Biceps

Front of upper arm

Triceps

Back of upper arm

Brachioradialis

flexes forearm ( forearm muscle )

Trapezius

upper back

pectoralis major

chest muscle

latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

Quadriceps group

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle

Tibilias anterior

dorsiflexion ( outside shin muscle )

What is the soleus muscle?

Calf muscle

Short bones are

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

Long bones are

humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

condyloid joint

wrist

pivot joint

Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.

pivot joint example

neck

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

plane joint

joint between tarsals and carpals

plane joint movement

sliding/gliding in all directions

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip

ball and socket joint movement

Multiaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Hinge joint example

elbow and knee

Contraindications

factors that prevent a treatment

prior to a treatment you should

ask patients permission before asking questions about their health

Inform patients that you need to know if they have any conditions that might affect your treatment - this is pertinent to your duty-of-care.

global contraindications

Feeling unwell/general malaise• Acute Trauma• Malignancy• Undiagnosed Pain/Symptoms• Severe Pain• Contagious Illness• Surgery (large-scale)• Inoculations (wait for 24 hours prior totreatment)• Alcohol/Recreational DrugConsumption

Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis• Hypo/Hyperthermia• Thrombosis• Phlebitis• Peritonitis• Haemophilia (Severe)

hamstring muscles

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

calf muscle

gastrocnemius and soleus

shin muscle

tibialis anterior

forearm muscle

brachioradialis

Type of Joint? ankle

Articulations - talocrural ( talus & tibia - hinge )

Type of joint - foot

Articulations - subtalar joint ( talus and calcaneus - plane / gliding joint ) tarsals ( mid tarsals joint ), tarsal metatarsal joint, MTP joint, IP joints ( hinge )

Gastrocnemius

Action: plantar flexion & knee flexion

Origin: femoral condyles ( ends of the femur)

Insertion: calcaneus via the Achilles tendon

Soleus

Action: plantar flexion

Origin: posterior surface of tibia, proximal posterior surface of fibula

Insertion: calcaneus via the Achilles tendon

tibialis posterior

Action: inversion, plantar flexion

Origin: proximal posterior shaft of tibia

Proximal posterior fibula, interosseous membrane

Insertion: tuberosity of navicular bone, branches to cuboid, calcaneus, cuneiforms, bases of 2-4 metatarsals

Ligaments of the ankle

1. Deltoid Ligament - Medial, protects against EVERSION

2. THREE LATERAL LIGAMENTS

a. Anterior talofibular lig

b. calcaneofibular

c. Posterior talofibular ligament

bony prominences in the ankle

Tibia and medial malleoli

Fibula and lateral malleoil

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiforms

Metatarsals

Phalanges

What are the 6 types of joints

Hinge, ball and socket, plane( gliding), saddle, pivot, condyloid, fixed

What is a hinge joint

elbow and knee, this movement is limited to extension and flexion

What is a ball and socket joint?

shoulder and hip, this movement provides the widest range of motion

in all planes.

What is a plane joint (gliding joint) example

Flat or slightly curved bones, no rotation at all, examples are carpal joints, tarsal joints

Active ROM for the knee

Flexion

Extension

Internal/medial rotation

External/lateral rotation

Quadriceps muscles

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Ligaments in the knee

MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL

Medial collateral, lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate

What is the vastus lateralis?

A muscle toward the lateral side of the leg. Part of the quadriceps that flex/extend the leg at the knee.