Skeletal system

Clavicles

The two flat bones attaches to the sternum on their anterior side and to the shoulder blades

Xương đòn

Scapulae

A pair of large, triangular bones located at the back of the thorax

Xương vai

Sternoclavicular joint

Xương ức - đòn

Humerus

Upper arm bone

Ulna

The lower arm bone located on the little finger side of the humerus

Radius

The lower arm bone located on the thumb side

Phalanges

Bone of the fingers

Metacarpals

Bones of the palm

Carpals

Bones of the wrist

Two

How many phalanges are there in the thumb?

Three

How many phalanges are there in other fingers?

* Distal
* Middle
* Proximal

What are the 3 types of phalanges?

Trapezium

The carpal at the base of the thumb

Xương thang

* Ilium (xương chậu)
* Ischium (xương ụ)
* Pubis (xương mu)

Which three pairs of bones fuse to form the **pelvic girdle (đai chậu)**?

* The axial skeleton (head, torso)
* The appendicular skeleton (upper and lower extremities)

What parts is the skeleton divided into?

Cranium

The brain case

8 bones

How many bones form the cranium?

14 bones

How many bones make up the face?

Ossicles

Tiny bones in the inner ears

Mandible

Jaw bone (only movable bone in the skull)

Suture

Immobile joints that hold the skull bones together

Coronal suture

Which suture unites the frontal bone and the two parietal bones?

Squamous suture

Which suture connects the parietal bones with the temporal bones?

Lambdoid suture

Which suture connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone?

Anterior/posterior fontanel

A diamond-shaped area when the suture isn’t closed in infants

Sinuses

Air-filled spaces within the skull that lessen the bone weight, moisten incoming air and act as a resonating chambers for the voice

Foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the occipital bone allows the spinal cord to pass from the encephalon into the spine

Orbit

Eye sockets

Sphenoid bone

A bone located in the cranial floor looks like a bat

An anchor for the frontal, parietal, occipital and ethmoid bones

Maxillary bones

Facial bones that form the **upper jaw, nose, orbits and roof of the mouth**

Zygomatic (Malar bones)

Cheekbones that attach to chewing muscles

Nasal bones

Bones that form the **upper part of the bridge of the nose**

Lacrymal bones

Bones that contain the lacrymal bag

Xương lệ

Vomer

Bone that is part of the nasal septum

Xương lá mía

Palatine bones

Bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate, the lateral side of the nasal cavity, and small part of the orbit

Xương vòm miệng

Vertebrae

The spinal column contains 24 _________.

Đốt sống

Sacrum

A single bone that results from the fusion of 5 vertebrae and attaches to the pelvic girdle

Xương cùng

Coccyx

The tailbone

Xương cụt

7 cervical vertebrae

Which vertebrae support skull and rotate?

12 thoracic vertebrae

Which vertebrae attach to the ribs?

5 lumbar vertebrae

Which vertebrae support the small of the back?

Sternum

A flat, sword-shaped bone that is attached to the clavicles

Xương ức

True ribs

Ribs that are directly attached to the sternum by costal cartilage

False ribs

Five pairs of ribs that aren’t attached directly to the sternum

Femur

Upper leg bones

Acetabulum

Hip socket

Tibia (shinbone)

Largest and strongest of the lower leg bones

Articulate with the femur at the proximal end

Fibula

The bone that connects with the tibia its proximal and distal ends

Also articulates with the talus that the distal end

Patella

The kneecap that protects the knee joint and overlaps the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia

Lateral malleolus

The bony prominence on the outside of the ankle

Astragalus

The talus bone forms part of the ankle joint

Calcaneus

The heel (the largest tarsal bone)

Scaphoid bone (Navicular)

Boat-shape bone

Cuneiforms

Three wedge-shaped bones that form the arch of the foot

Metatarsal bones

Five bones that form the foot

Articulate with the tarsal bones and the phalanges

Phalanges

Fourteen toe bones (3 for each toe, 2 for the great toe)

Main bones of the limbs (except the patella, wrists, ankles)

What do the **long bones** include?

Wrists, ankles

What do the **short bones** include?

Sternum, scapulae, cranium

What do the **flat bones** include?

Vertebrae, hip bones

What do the **irregular bone** include?

Outer layer (dense, smooth compact bone)

Inner layer (Spongy, porous bone)

What are the 2 types of bone material?

**In the shaf**t of long bones

**The outer layer** of short, flat and irregular bones

Where is the compact bone found?

**In the central regions of the epiphysis** of the long bones

**Inner portion** of short, flat, and irregular bones

Where is the cancellous bone found?

Diaphysis (diaphyses)

The long, narrow shaft of the bone

Contain bone marrow

Has 2 irregular ends

Epiphysis (epiphyses)

The bulbous ends of the long bones

Provide a large surface for muscle attachment and give stability to joints

Articular cartilage

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers and cushions the joint surface of the epiphyses

Periosteum

A dense membrane that covers the shafts of the long bones

Contain 2 layers: a fibrous outer layer + a bone-forming inner layer

Osteoblasts

Bone-producing cells

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Medullary cavity

A cavity filled with bone marrow

Endosteum

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Lamellae

The thin layers of ground substance

A part of the haversian system

Lacunae

Small hollow spaces that contain osteocytes

Part of the haversian system

Canaliculi

Small canals

Part of the haversian system

Haversian canals

Central canals that contain blood, lymph vessels, nerves and sometimes marrow

Volkmann’s canals

Canals that connect haversian canal to another and to the outer bone

Perform hematopoiesis

What is the role of red bone marrow?

Cartilage

A dense connective tissue that supports and absorbs shock bones and joints

Supports and shapes the auditory canal and intervertebral disks

Have no blood or nerve supply

Fibrous cartilage

Which type of cartilage forms **at the meniscus and the intervertebral disks**?

Hyaline cartilage

Which type of cartilage covers **articular bone surfaces, connects ribs and sternum, appears in the trachea, bronchi and nasal septum**?

Elastic cartilage

Which type of cartilage is located in the auditory canal, external ear and epiglottis?

Synarthrosis joints

Which type of joints is immovable?

Amphiathrosis

Which type of joints is slightly movable?

Diarthrosis

Which type of joint is freely movable?

Fibrous joints

* The articular surfaces of the 2 bones are bound closely by fibrous tissue
* Little movement is possible
* Example: cranial sutures

What type of joint is this?

Cartilaginous joints

* Cartilage connects one bone to another
* Slight movement is possible
* Example: symphysis pubis

What type of joint is this?

Synovial joints

* Body surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and joined by ligaments lined with synovial membrane
* Freely movable
* Example: joints of the arms and legs

Articular capsule

A saclike envelope, whose outer layer is lined with a vascular synovial membrane

Bursa (bursae)

* Synovial fluid sacs located at friction points of all types of joints, tendons, ligaments and bones
* Function: cushion these structures, decrease stress on adjecent one

Gliding joints

Which type of joints **allow** **adjacent bone surfaces to move against one another?**

Ex: wrists and ankles

Hinge joints

Which type of joints **permits movement in only one direction?**

Ex: elbows and knees

Pivot joints (rotary joints, trochoid joints)

Which type of joint **allows a movable bone to pivot around a stationary bone?**

Ex: neck and elbow

Condylar

* Knuckle joints
* Contain an oval head of one bone that fits into a shallow depression in a second bone
* Example: union between the radius and the carpal bones

Saddle joints

* Resemble condylar joints but **allow greater freedom of movement**
* Example: carpometacarpal joints of the thumb

Ball-and-socket joints (spheroid joints)

Which type of joints have the spherical head of one bone fit into a socket of another bone?

Example: hip and shoulder joints

Crepitus

A cracking noise or the sensation that’s commonly felt when the hand is placed over a fracture site and broken bone ends are moved

Abduction

Moving away from the midline

Adduction

Moving toward the midline

Circumduction

Moving in a circular manner

Flexion

Bending or decreasing the joint angle