Bio Chapter 9

Know how to create & read restriction maps!!! Also, the processes in the notes are slightly more detailed, so don't forget to study those!

Cloning, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, producing medical treatments, changing crops

Reasons we manipulate DNA

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA

Bacteria

What restriction enzymes come from

Restriction Site

The nucleotide sequence cut out by enzymes

Blunt Ends

A restriction site cut straight

Sticky Ends

A restriction site with staggered cuts

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique that separates DNA fragments by size and charge

Farther

Smaller fragments travel ______ on gel electrophoresis

Shorter

Larger fragments travel ______ on gel electrophoresis

Kilobase Pairs

The measurement used to read the length of DNA fragments

Electrical Current

This pulls DNA fragments through the gel in gel electrophoresis

Negative

DNA molecules have a _______ charge

Polymer Chain Reaction

The process that makes copies of a DNA sequence

Denaturing

Step 1 of PCR

Annealing

Step 2 of PCR

Extensions

Step 3 of PCR

Denaturing

The process of PCR in which DNA is **heated to 90 degrees C to separate strands**

Annealing

The process of PCR in which **primers are binded to each strand**

Extensions

The process of PCR in which **nucleotides and polymerase are added to each strand to copy it**

DNA, DNA polymerase, 2 primers, and many of each nucleotide

The materials necessary for PCR

DNA Fingerprinting

A type of restriction map used for identification

Noncoding

DNA Fingerprinting is based on _________ regions of DNA

Criminal cases, paternity tests, identifying bodies, and genetic testing

The ways DNA Fingerprinting is used

Genetic Engineering

The process of adding new DNA to an organism

Recombinant DNA

DNA from more than one organism used in genetic engineering

Transgenic Organisms

The name of organisms that underwent genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes cut the foreign DNA gene, insert it into a plasmid, and add it to an organism

The process of making recombinant DNA

Insulin

Transgenic bacteria is used to produce _______

Vaccines

Transgenic viruses are used to produce _______

Resistant to frost, disease, and insects, & increased crop yields

Advantages of transgenic plants

Putting recombinant DNA into an egg

Transgenic animals are produced by ______

Ethical, environmental, and genetic diversity

Common concerns about genetic engineering include

Clone

A genetically identical organism

Nuclear Transfer

The name of the process of cloning

A nucleus is taken from a somatic cell and transferred to an egg, then implanted into the womb of an animal

The process of nuclear transfer

Creating organs for transplant & saving endangered species

Advantages of cloning

Low success rate, less healthy animals, and decreased biodiversity

Concerns of cloning

Gene Therapy

Adding or changing genes to your body to treat diseases