Studied by 23 peopleCloning, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, producing medical treatments, changing crops
Reasons we manipulate DNA
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA
Bacteria
What restriction enzymes come from
Restriction Site
The nucleotide sequence cut out by enzymes
Blunt Ends
A restriction site cut straight
Sticky Ends
A restriction site with staggered cuts
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique that separates DNA fragments by size and charge
Farther
Smaller fragments travel ______ on gel electrophoresis
Shorter
Larger fragments travel ______ on gel electrophoresis
Kilobase Pairs
The measurement used to read the length of DNA fragments
Electrical Current
This pulls DNA fragments through the gel in gel electrophoresis
Negative
DNA molecules have a _______ charge
Polymer Chain Reaction
The process that makes copies of a DNA sequence
Denaturing
Step 1 of PCR
Annealing
Step 2 of PCR
Extensions
Step 3 of PCR
Denaturing
The process of PCR in which DNA is heated to 90 degrees C to separate strands
Annealing
The process of PCR in which primers are binded to each strand
Extensions
The process of PCR in which nucleotides and polymerase are added to each strand to copy it
DNA, DNA polymerase, 2 primers, and many of each nucleotide
The materials necessary for PCR
DNA Fingerprinting
A type of restriction map used for identification
Noncoding
DNA Fingerprinting is based on _________ regions of DNA
Criminal cases, paternity tests, identifying bodies, and genetic testing
The ways DNA Fingerprinting is used
Genetic Engineering
The process of adding new DNA to an organism
Recombinant DNA
DNA from more than one organism used in genetic engineering
Transgenic Organisms
The name of organisms that underwent genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes cut the foreign DNA gene, insert it into a plasmid, and add it to an organism
The process of making recombinant DNA
Insulin
Transgenic bacteria is used to produce _______
Vaccines
Transgenic viruses are used to produce _______
Resistant to frost, disease, and insects, & increased crop yields
Advantages of transgenic plants
Putting recombinant DNA into an egg
Transgenic animals are produced by ______
Ethical, environmental, and genetic diversity
Common concerns about genetic engineering include
Clone
A genetically identical organism
Nuclear Transfer
The name of the process of cloning
A nucleus is taken from a somatic cell and transferred to an egg, then implanted into the womb of an animal
The process of nuclear transfer
Creating organs for transplant & saving endangered species
Advantages of cloning
Low success rate, less healthy animals, and decreased biodiversity
Concerns of cloning
Gene Therapy
Adding or changing genes to your body to treat diseases
Note 
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