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alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds
Ex. Sally sells seashells by the sea shore
Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds
Ex. kind knight rides by
Aphorism
a concise statement of a truth or principle
Ex. You can kill a man but you can't kill an idea.
Ex. imitation is the highest form of flattery
Ex. Eat to live; don't live to eat.
Diction
A writer's or speaker's choice of words
Ex. formal vs informal
Colloquialism
informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing
Ex. ya'll, gonna, wanna
Connotation
the implied or associative meaning of a word
Ex. shes feeling blue
-implied blue means sad
Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word
Ex. denotation of hot is giving off heat
Figurative
using figures of speech; symbolic, not literal
- metaphor
- hyperbole
- personification
-etc
Euphemism
An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
Ex. "passed away" instead of "died"
Ex. "let go" instead of "fire"
Literal
taking words in their usual or most basic sense without metaphor or allegory
Ex. it was raining, so i took the bus
ironic
suggesting an incongruity between words and actions/events.
Ex. you have a bad day and say "what a great day!"
metaphor
implied comparison that does not use like or as
Ex. ur a couch potato
hyperbole
extreme exaggeration
Ex. im so hungry i could eat a horse!
pedantry
act of showing off learning in a manner that is needless and unimaginative
-pointing out small, minor errors to brag about ones knowledge on that subject.
verbose
using too many words, wordy
Ex. he has a verbose writing style
-uses unnecessary amount of words
allegory
something that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Ex. animal farm
animals are used to represent the Russian government.
oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.
Ex. deafening silence
Ex. bitterwseet
Ex.friendly fight
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates the sound it represents
Ex. "jug, jug, spat"
Ex. "KACHOW!"
paradox
a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true
Ex. save money by spending it
Ex. beginning of the end
Ex. im a compulsive liar
didactic
intended to instruct
Ex. "you are all responsible for each other"
idiom
an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
Ex. "beating around the bush"
semantics
analyzing meaning of words and sentences
Ex. destination and last stop
both mean the same thing
euphony
pleasant, harmonious sound
Ex. mists, mellow, close, sun, bless
Ex. all have a pleasant sound
cacophony
A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds
Ex. dishes crashing on the floor
vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
Ex. ya'll
prose(prosaic)
Any writing that is not poetry
- style of writing that doesnt follow a specific/strict rhythm or flow.
parallel construction
successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize the importance of an idea.
Ex. i like to jog, hike, swim, walk, and run.
clause
a group of words with a subject and a verb
Ex. I like to run
phrase
A group of words with a meaning; an expression
-prepositional
- infinitive
- participle
periodic
Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements.
Ex. in spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.
loose
independent clause followed by dependent clauses.
Ex. the bells rang, filled the air, startled pigeons, bringing people to the streets to hear the news.
antecedent
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
Ex. jim says his foot hurts.
jim is the antecedent
subordinate clause
A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Ex. unlike my brother...
Ex. known for his tomfoolery...
independent clause
A clause that can stand alone as a sentence
Ex. I went to sleep
Ex. our planet circles the sun
rhetorical questions
questions asked for effect rather than answers
Ex. who doesnt want a million dollars
staccato
short and detached
Ex. Savage bees attacked. Violently they killed. Nobody was spared.
simple
has one verb
Ex. she is sleeping.
compound
has more than one subject
Ex. this house is too big, and that house is too small.
complex
one independent and one dependent clause.
Ex. We were tired after the game, so we decided to not go to the party.
Compound-Complex
two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
Ex. My cousin's job is very difficult, but He enjoys going to work every day.
purple prose
sentences that feature exaggerated sentiment or extravagant and flowery language
Ex. The mahogany-haired adolescent girl glanced fleetingly at her rugged paramour, a crystalline sparkle in her eyes as she gazed, enraptured, upon his countenance
stream of consciousness
A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.
-often chaotic, thoughts as they occur like how a person thinks. yapping your thoughts as they occur
bombast
impressive but meaningless language
-boasting to sound impressive but the words you say have little meaning.
incisive
Sharply cutting; direct and powerful
Ex. public speakers are incisive
Ex. comedians have incisive humor
laconic
concise, using few words
Ex. his laconic reply suggested a lack of interest in the topic
satiric
Ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point
Ex. impersonations of a person you dont like
plot
Sequence of events in a story
Ex. beginning to end of story
Ex. heros journey
subplot
a minor plot that relates in some way to the main story
Ex.
- a side story running parallel to the main plot
- plot = mc getting with fmc
- subplot = mc parents dying
- subplot = villain kidnaps fmc
exposition
a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory
- explaining situation and setting of characters
conflict
A struggle between opposing forces
- man vs man
- man vs society
- man vs self
rising climax
the part of a dramatic plot that has to do with the complication of the action
- event that leads up to/causes the climax
crisis
a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger.
- beginning of the journey to climax
climax
Most exciting moment of the story; turning point
falling action
Events after the climax, leading to the resolution
denoument
the resolution of the conflict in a story's plot; a final outcome
- end of plot
Chronilogical
arranged in an order of time of occurrence
flashback
A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events
Ex. before saying yes, she remembered the promise she had made to her mother years ago.
deus ex machina
an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, sometimes a supernatural force.
Ex. "it was all a dream" implying all the events never happened irl
interior monologue
expresses a character's inner thoughts
Ex. "I lied," Charles thought, "but maybe she will forgive me."
Ex. She felt very young; at the same time unspeakably aged
Juxstaposition
The placing of two or more objects, elements, or concepts side by side for comparison or contrast.
Ex. night and day
good and evil
war and peace
allegorical
understanding scripture by recognizing its connection and significance with political/moral/religious ideas.
-symbolic
-metaphorical
homily
a sermon, or a moralistic lecture
parody
a humorous imitation of a serious work
foreshadow
be a warning or indication of (a future event).
Ex. "we'll see about that"
"wait this the next time i see you"
epigram
witty comment
Ex. "no pain no gain"
conceit
a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor. comparing one thing to two different things
Ex. Coral is far more red than her lips' red
- compares coral and her lips
- compares lover to nature
apostrophe
direct address to someone or something that is not present
Ex. "Dad, I know you are in a better place."
- the dad is dead
allusion
A reference to another work of literature, person, or event
Ex. The smell of donuts is like kryptonite to me.
Metonymy
substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it
Ex. "crown" referring to the king
Ex. "lend me your ear"
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole
Ex. "offer your hand in marriage"
Ex."feed the mouths"
Assertion
a declaration or statement
Ex. "I really like it when you wear that shirt."
Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
three part reasoning
Ex. "All mammals are animals. All elephants are mammals. Therefore, all elephants are animals."
deductive
general to specific
Ex. "All dogs have four legs, John's pet is a dog, therefore John's pet has four legs."
inductive
specific to general
Ex. The left-handed people I know use left-handed scissors; therefore, all left-handed people use left-handed scissors.
begging the question
An argument is assumed to be true based on the arguments premise.
Ex. Murder is always morally wrong, therefore, abortion is morally wrong.
Argument ad hominem
Attacking a person's views by attacking his or her character
Ex. focusing on a workers personal life to attack their company.
red herring
something that draws attention away from the main issue
non sequitur
something that does not logically follow
Ex. "All trees are tall, all tall things are yellow, therefore, all trees are green."
enthymeme
Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated.
Ex: We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past. (Missing: Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted.)
post hoc
Blaming something that has no connection with the problem.
Ex. a black cat crossed my path, and then I got into a car accident. The black cat caused the car accident.
Water archetype- the sea
death and rebirth (baptism)
rising sun
birth, creation, enlightenment
Color archetype- green
growth, hope, fertility
Number archetype-three
the Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Ghost); Mind, Body, Spirit, Birth, Life