Physiology Lecture 25: Vasculature

Pulmonary circulation

this is the blood circulation from the right side of the heart to the lungs

Systemic circulation

blood circulation from the left heart to every part of the body except the lungs

systemic 

systemic has 90% of the blood while pulmonary has 10%

Does the pulomnary or systemic circulation carry the most blood

high, low

The operating pressures of the systemic circulation are ___________(high/low) while in pulmonary circulation they are ___________(high/low)

Dilation, constriction

The response to CO2 in system circulation is vaso______________(dilation/contstriction) while in pulmonary is vaso____________(dilation/constriction)

variable, low

The resistance to blood flow in systemic circulation is ______________ while in the pulmonary circulation it is always _____

Long, short

The length of the vessels in the systemic criculation are ____________(short/long) while in pulmonary circulation they are __________(short/long)

Compliance

the ability a blood vessel to stretch and take on a larger volume of blood at a given change in pressure (change in volume divided by change in pressure)

Variable, high

In systemic circulation, the compliance of the vessels are ______________, but in pulmonary circulation the vessel compliance is always very ________

False

True or false: exchange fo gases, nutrients, or wastes take place at major vessels

Capillaries

this is where all exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes happens, they are not smooth muscles

One

capillaries are ________ cell(s) thick

capillaries

All blood vessels except for what contain a smooth muscle layer 

Endothelium

this is the one cell thick inner lining of all blood vessels which also form the capillaries

More, lower

Veins are _________(more/less) compliant that arteries, and operate at ______________(higher/lower) pressures

Valves

Veins have these, which help ensure unidirectional flow at low pressures

muscle contractions

Along with valves, what helps blood flow through veins

artery →arteriole → capillary bed → venule → vein

In what order does blood flow through the capillary system

Ohm's law

this is the equation that we use to talk about blood flow. Blood flow (Q)= Pressure difference/resistance

Series

Resistance in ___________ causes each resistor to be added together

Parallel

Resistance in __________ is the inverse of the resistances added, so that the resistance in parallel is always less than the resistance of one of the individual resistores

1/R = (1/R1) + (1/R2)

How do you find resistance in parallel

Kidneys

which vasculature operates at the highest pressures? (like which area)

Vascular shunt

this is the the vessel through a capillary bed that allows some blood to flow through the bed even when the capillary bed is closed

Precapillary sphincters

these are the annular smooth musce cells that surround the precapillary arterioles and regulate blood flow into the capillary

Poiseuille's law

this is the law that states the reltationship between Resistance, viscosity, length of the vessel, radius of the blood vessel. It is R=n8L/pi*r^4

Radius

the thing that has the biggest difference on resistance of the vasculature is _____________

Arterioles, highest

The largest fall in blood pressure occurs at the ____________ because they have the ______________(highest/lowest) resistance. This is where the major resistance vessels are located to maintain systemic blood pressure

Pulse pressure

the difference in pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure

Mean arterial pressure

this is the measure of systemic pressure, which is equal to the diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure. This is also proportional to afterload

MAP= CO * TPR

this is the equation to calculate MAP with cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

LaPlace's Law

this is the way that we get tension using pressure and radius. Tension = Pressure * radius

More

The larger the blood vessel is, the ________(more/less) tension will be experienced on the vessel for the same pressure

True

True or False: aneurisms occur in larger vessels, and never at capillary beds

large, slow

Even though the capillaries are smal, the cross sectional area is very ____________, so the blood flow through the capillary bed is ___________(faster/slower) than the arteriole or venule associated with it

Starling landis equilibrium

this is the matehmatical description of how hydrostatic pressures, oncotic pressures, and vessel leakiness affect the net filtraiton rate

water

Hydrostatic pressures always push _____ away

pull

oncotic pressures always _____ water towards them

NFR = Kf (Pc + oi) - (Pi + oc)

What is the equation for net filtration rate

Kf

This is the variable that is "how leaky" a vessel is

Pc

This is the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary (pressure of water pushing OUT on the capillary)

Pi

This the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid (pressure of the water pushing ON the capillary wall inward)

Oc

This is the oncotic pressure of the capillary (the force of the proteins pulling water INTO the capillary)

Oi

This is the oncotic pressure of the interstitial fluid (force of proteins pulling water OUT of the capillar)

1-2 mmHG

overall, at most capillaries the net pressure is this pressure driving OUT of the capillary

Lymphatic vessels

these are vessels containing slits and valves that remove excess fluid from the tissues and return it to the circulation

button, valves

Lymphatic vessels have ___________ like junctions that act as pores, and ___________ that allow lymph flow to go in one direction, and these pump fluid back to the heart

immune

the lymphatic vessels connect to nodes that are aoart of the _____ system

Subclavian trunk, venous

The lymph vessels drain their fluid into the ____________ ___________ of the ___________ system so that the fluid returns to the heart

Side veins

the lymphatic vessels run along ______ ________ to help move fluid towards the heart

subclavian veins

The fluid of the lymphatic system reenters the circulation at the _______ _______

PP = P(systolic)- P(diastolic)

how do you measure pulse pressure

MAP = P(diastolic) +1/3PP

what is the equation for MAP relating to pulse pressure

MAP = CO x TPR

What is the equation for MAP relating to TPR

pressure = flow x resistance

what is ohms law?

Tension - pressure x radius

what is LaPlaces Law

larger blood vessels will experience more tension on the wall of the vessel at the same pressure

what does Laplaces law describe

Net Filtration pressure (MFP) = pressure (out) - pressure (in)

how do you measure net filtration pressure

at the arteriole and the venule to get an overall view of the capillary. Most capillaries have a new rate of 1-2 mmHg

what 2 places do we want to measure NFR and why?

greater

for serial resistors, the total resistance (Rt) is lesser/greater than the largest single resistor

less

for parallel resistors, the total resistance (Rt) is lesser/greater than the smallest single resistor

capillary

hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of fluid in the ________

higher solute

oncotic pressure is the pressure of fluid moving toward _____ _____

proportional

flow of blood follows ohms law such that flow is (proportional/inversely proportional) to pressure differences along the blood vessel

inversely proportional

flow of blood follows ohms law such that flow is (proportional/inversely proportional) to the resistance of the blood vessel

1/r^4, radius

the resistance of a blood vessel is proportional to _____. Because of this, small changes in the _____ of a blood vessel leads to large changes in resistances and the flow of blood

proportional

the pressures exerted by the walls of the blood vessel are ______ to the radius.

interstital space

at the arterial end, the dominant pressure pushes fluid into the _______ space

Oc

due to the drop of pressure in the venous end, it allows ___ to dominate resulting in the reabsorption of fluid at the venous end