APUSH Period 2 Review

I used Heimler’s History videos for these notes so feel free to follow along as you watch the video! If you find this helpful, I have notes for some other units on APUSH so go check those out as well :)

This period is primarily based on the British Colonization in the Americas and the effects it brought onto the colonies.
Other colonies
Spanish colonization
- Aimed to extract wealth in the form of cash crops and digging of gold and silver out of the ground.
- They attempted to convert the Native Americans
  - to Christianity and introduced a
  - caste system which reorganized society on racial ancestry
French colonization
- Aimed to extract wealth-but more interested in trade than conquest (of fish & fur). There were relatively few people of French on America than Spain & English
- Some established trading settlements around North America
- To meet their economic goals, some French traders married American Indian wives, keeping kinship ties alive with their native trading partners-intermarriage.
  - They primarily established partners with Ojibwe indians (beneficial for both sides)
    - Indians->French: prepared beaver skin for sale at the markets
    - French->Indians: introduced iron cookware and manufactured cloth.
Dutch Colonization
- Aimed for economic benefits/to extract wealth.
- They established a fur trading center on Hudson River in 1608.
  - Although they were protestant, they showed very little interest in converting natives
    - They established New Amsterdam in 1624 which became a trading hub. It facilitated and advanced their economic goals, attracting merchants, traders, farmers, and etc. to the area.
British Colonization- most relevant for APUSH!
They sought new economic opportunities and lands in America. During this time, Britain was going through economic downfall, specifically land was disappearing due to the enclosure movement. This enclosure movement made access to land difficult for the common people, shutting down the lands that could be used for farming or other economic activities.
Others sought religious freedom and improved living conditions away from the British monarch.
Chesapeake region
Jamestown was established in 1607 (1st British colonial settlement in the U.S.)- funded by a joint-stock company: private business entity where investors put money into a pot and collected profits, which was different from Spain where their investments were strictly through the state.
- The colony of Jamestown was all about MONEY and economic benefits.
  - They were purely a profit-seeking venture, which searched for gold and silver and built military forces to defend the gold and silver.
- The beginning of Jamestown was rough…
  - The 1st-2nd years, disease and famine killed off half of the settlers. By 1610, 7 out of 8 settlers were dead.
- Tobacco Cultivation (John Rolfe), led to the Revival of Jamestown!!
  - Most of the people doing work on plantations were Indentured Servants (People who couldn’t afford passage from Britain-to the New world, so they signed a labor contract-indentured servitude)
  - Led to increased tensions with Native Americans because Tobacco plantations took their land. Natives raided colonial farms which farmers went and appealed to the British governor Berkley to get their farms protected by the military. When Berkley refused, the Bacon’s Rebellion occured.
    - Led by Nathaniel Bacon, poor farmers and indentured servants attacked the indians and burned plantations and damaged Berkley’s property. Ultimately, the rebellion was squashed.
    - As a result, planter elites got fear of indentured servants (broken staff) and leaned heavily on African slavery.
New England Colonies (north of Chesapeake)
Settled by Pilgrims in 1620s
- Migrated in family units in order to establish a society not profit-seeking
  - Their goals were religious freedom, bounded up in Christian religion
  - Created family economies as farmers
  - Struggled with fevers and diseases, but after a few years, they established a thriving colonial economy
  - They also traded lumber and built ships, due to their abundance of lumber
West Indies Colonies (Caribbean)
Warm climates allowed them to have year-round growing season
- They grew tobacco at first, but by the 1630s, falling tobacco prices led to the introduction of sugarcane.
  - Increased demands for sugarcane meant increased demands for African Slaves. *By 1660 in Barbados, the population was more black than white.
  - A stringent set of laws was passed to govern the black population on the island
    - These defined enslaved people as property and governed every detail of their lives
    - Carolinas were influenced by this to set up their own economy and labor system
Middle Colonies
Thrived on an export economy, mainly cereal crops due to its geography featuring the sea & rivers (New York and New Jersey)
- Due to its success, there became a growing inequality between classes
  - Elites: urban merchants
  - Lower: working-class, laborers, orphans, widows, unemployed, etc.
  - There was also a big population of enslaved Africans
Also in the middle colonies was Pennsylvania, founded by Quaker William Penn
- Religious freedom for all was recognized and land was obtained by Negotiation with Indians.
- Their government was democratic (self-governing structure)
  - Mayflower compact (signed before pilgrims left their ship, ‘may flower”), organized their government on a self-governing church congregation
  - House of Burgesses: representative assemblies which could levy taxes and pass laws. *dominated by elite classes-in the North, Landlords, and in the south, elite planters
Triangular Trade/Transatlantic Slave Trade
Mercantilism: Idea that there’s only a fixed amount of wealth in the world (wealth was defined by gold and silver)
- Each states aimed to gain as much of that wealth as possible through a favorable balance of trade: more exports than imports.
- Relied heavily on establishing new colonies because that’s where raw materials came, therefore, the British empire tried to tighten the center of the empire with the colonies of the empire.
  - For example, Navigation Acts required colonial merchants to trade with English colonies and English-owned ships, also, certain items had to pass exclusively through British Ports, which were taxed.
The newly established atlantic trade system changed the colonies.
- It generated massive wealth for elites: merchants, investors, and plantation owners
- It turned American sea ports into thriving urban centers.
Effects of the Transatlantic Trade/mercantilism
- Established colonies (benefits)
  - Gave mercantilist powers access to raw materials they couldn’t find at home
  - Colonies could become markets for manufactured goods
- How did the T-A trade fundamentally change colonial societies??
  - It generated massive wealth for the elites of society (merchants, investors, plantation owners)
  - It transformed America’s seaports into thriving urban centers
    - These two combined created the consumer revolution in North America
      - Affluent families began buying more goods, which changed the shape of society: prior to the consumer revolution, one’s place in society was tied strongly to the family; after, societal status was more tied to financial success and a refined lifestyle
        *The consumer revolution meant that you were respected based on the opulence you had, not by your family pedigree.
- Transatlantic trade created a truly global trade network, fueled by mercantilism, and fundamentally altered the societies in which it functioned (European, African, American)
Slavery in the Atlantic Economy
- 1700-1808: 3 million enslaved Africans were carried on British ships across the middle passage
- Majority were sold to planters in British West Indies. ALL British colonies participated in the slave trade, due to the great wealth they gained from coerce labor in agriculturing sugarcane, tobacco, and Indigo.
- New England farmers held relatively fewer slaves, Chesapeake and Southern colonies held lots!!
  - Strict slave codes were introduced in Virginia, Carolinas, and Barbados.
  - Slaves were defined as Chattel(property), making slavery a generation to generation source of labor.
- Some enslaved blacks didin’t accept the slavery system, the rebelled and resisited!!! Ex: Stono Rebellion
  - Covert: secretly maintained cultural customs, broke tools and seeds
  - Overt: Stono Rebellion in South Carolina (1739)
    - Small group of slaves stole weapons from a store and killed their owners and burned plantations and killed whites.

Metacom’s war (King Phillip’s War)

Metacom, the chief of Wampanoag’s, saw that British encroachment on their lands was mining their ways of life, therefore, the British must be forced out.
Wampanoags and other Indian groups attacked white settlements in New England
The British allied with Mohawk Indians and the War ended with them killing Metacom and hanging his head in the middle of their village.

Enlightenment

Emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religious revelation.
Took roots in the colonies because the transatlantic print culture
This introduced the idea of natural rights to the colonies (people have inborn rights)
Also introduced checks and balances (that the best government involved checking and balancing power)
- The best way to do this was to split the government into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial
Introduced social contract which argued that people were in a contract with the government. Since the power to govern is in the hands of the people, their job was to take some of that power ad deliver it to the government.
- In exchange, the government’s job is to protect the natural rights of the people and if the government broke that contract, it was the people’s right to overthrow that government
Enlightenment on religious authority
- New Light Clergy ministers preached against the loss of faith caused by enlightenment, and emphasized democratic principles of the Bible and were against elites buying pews, leading to a leveling out of society
  - Their works laid the groundwork for the Great Awakening (most significant religious and social upheavals at the time)
    - It swept through all colonies (religious revival)
    - Results: large scale return to the Christian Faith and bounded the colonies together
    - This was the first vestiges of a true American Identity and the starting point leading up to the rejection of the British (massive impact on political & social)

How did the Colonies become frustrated with the British??

Impressment: act of seizing colonial men and forcing them to serve in the royal navy. (colonial men didn't want to be royal navy sailors because it was super bbaksae)
They resisted and revolted for three days during impressment for King George’s war.

*Colonies were being more aware of their natural rights and were refusing their natural rights to be violated by England.

Anglicanization of colonies was happening during this time-becoming more English like
- They built political communities similar to Britain’s
- However, they still felt frustration with the British and began to resist.

Fun facts (not really fun)

De las casas- Natives are humble, poor, etc. relatively positive
Sepluveda: natives are barbarians, inferior
Connect caste system using percentage of race to to plessy v ferguson (he was ⅛ black)
Chesapeake region: Maryland, virginia
New England: massachusetts, connecticut, New York

It seems like you've compiled a comprehensive overview of the different colonial powers and their impacts on the Americas, focusing on British colonization in particular. From the Spanish and French to the Dutch and British, each colonial power had its own motivations, methods, and consequences for the indigenous peoples and the land itself.

The exploitation of resources, the introduction of new societal structures like caste systems, and the clashes with indigenous populations all shaped the colonial landscape. Economic motivations often drove these endeavors, whether it was the quest for cash crops like tobacco or sugar, the fur trade, or the extraction of precious metals.

Social dynamics within the colonies evolved, with the rise of indentured servitude giving way to the establishment of chattel slavery as planters sought a more permanent and controlled labor force. This shift, alongside the growth of urban centers and the consumer revolution, profoundly impacted colonial societies, reshaping class structures and social hierarchies.

The Enlightenment brought new ideas to the colonies, emphasizing reason, natural rights, and the social contract between government and the governed. These concepts played a significant role in the development of American identity and laid the groundwork for later movements, including resistance to British rule.

The Great Awakening, a religious revival, also had a profound impact, fostering a sense of shared identity among the colonists and contributing to the growing discontent with British authority.

Overall, your summary provides a comprehensive look at the complexities and consequences of colonization in the Americas, highlighting the economic, social, and ideological forces at play during this pivotal period in history.

Here's a concise list of key factors and events from Period 2 of APUSH (approximately 1607-1754), focusing on British colonization in the Americas:

Motivations for Colonization:
- Economic opportunities: Seeking wealth through resources like gold, silver, fur, and cash crops (tobacco, sugar).
- Religious freedom: Escape from religious persecution in Europe, particularly notable in the establishment of colonies like Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay.
Colonial Regions:
- Chesapeake region: Jamestown (Virginia), focused on tobacco cultivation and indentured servitude.
- New England: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, characterized by religious motivations, family-based economies, and trade.
- Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, thriving on export economies and diverse populations.
Native American Relations:
- Varied interactions, ranging from alliances and trade (as seen with French fur traders) to conflicts and displacement (as seen with English colonization and westward expansion).
Labor Systems:
- Indentured servitude: Contract labor for a fixed period in exchange for passage to the New World, commonly used in early colonial settlements.
- Chattel slavery: Permanent and hereditary enslavement of Africans, becoming more prevalent in the Southern colonies due to labor demands in cash crop agriculture.
Conflicts and Wars:
- Anglo-Powhatan Wars: Series of conflicts between English settlers in Virginia and the Powhatan Confederacy.
- King Philip's War (Metacom's War): Conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes, notably the Wampanoag, led by Metacom (King Philip).
- Bacon's Rebellion: Armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against colonial governor William Berkeley's policies, highlighting tensions between settlers and colonial elites.
Economic Policies and Trade:
- Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing national wealth through a favorable balance of trade, leading to Navigation Acts and other regulations restricting colonial trade.
- Triangular Trade: Exchange of goods, slaves, and resources between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, contributing to the growth of colonial economies.
Religious and Intellectual Movements:
- Enlightenment: Intellectual movement promoting reason, science, and individual rights, influencing colonial thought and governance.
- Great Awakening: Religious revival emphasizing personal salvation and emotional preaching, leading to increased religious fervor and social cohesion among colonists.
Legal and Social Developments:
- Establishment of representative assemblies (e.g., House of Burgesses in Virginia, Mayflower Compact in Plymouth) and self-governing structures.
- Introduction of slave codes and the legal codification of slavery as hereditary chattel property, particularly in Southern colonies.
Cultural Exchange and Adaptation:
- Intermarriage and cultural exchange between European colonists and Native American tribes, leading to the blending of traditions and lifestyles.
- Introduction of new crops, technologies, and ideas from Europe, Africa, and indigenous peoples, shaping colonial societies.