how are organic compounds categorised and synthesised?

allotrope

different physical forms in which an element can exist

valence electrons of carbon

• 4 valence electrons available for bonding (covalent)

stability of carbon bonds

• stable, low energy compounds when valence shells (2,8)

bond strength of carbon

• relatively stong

bond energy

energy required to break bonds in a molecule to individual atoms

• shorter bond length, more bond energy required

• strength of covalent bond is indicated by bond energy

bond length

distance between two nuclei

degree of unsaturation

• measured by reacting with iodine to identify iodine number

• higher number, higher amount of double bonds

iodine number

mass of iodine that reacts with 100g of a compound

aliphatic

organic compound in which carbon atoms form open chain

aromatic

compound that ocntains at least one benzene ring & alternating single/double bonds within

alkanes

• single bonds

• saturated

alkenes

• at least a double bond

• unsaturated

alkynes

• at least a triple bond

• unsaturated

cyclic hydrocarbons

• carbon chain is closed

arenes

aromatic, benzene (C₆H₆) - based hydrocarbons

alkyl

hydrogen carbon chain that comes off the largest carbon chain