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22 Terms

1
Narcolepsy
A disorder characterized by frequent, intense episodes of sleep that last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur at any time during waking hours.
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2
Cataplexy
A sudden loss of muscle tone leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness, often triggered by intense emotions.
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3
Circadian rhythm
A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuations that has a 24-hour period.
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4
Orexin (Hypocretin)
A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states.
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5
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.
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6
Sleep deprivation
The partial or total prevention of sleep.
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7
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, causing the sleeper to wake.
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8
REM sleep (Rapid-eye-movement sleep)
A stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, lack of muscle tone, and rapid eye movements.
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9
Delta waves
The slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, characteristic of stage 3 sleep.
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10
Sleep-onset insomnia
Difficulty in falling asleep.
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11
Sleep-maintenance insomnia
Difficulty in staying asleep.
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12
Sleep hygiene
A collection of practices that help ensure better quality sleep, such as maintaining a routine and creating a sleep-inducing environment.
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13
Somnambulism
Also known as sleepwalking, a disorder where individuals walk or perform complex behaviors while asleep without awareness.
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14
Night terrors
A sleep disorder occurring primarily in children, characterized by sudden arousals from sleep with intense fear and autonomic activation.
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15
Hypothalamus
A brain region that contains neurons that regulate sleep-wake cycles.
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16
Atonia
Complete absence of muscle tone, particularly during REM sleep.
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17
Melanopsin
A photopigment found in specialized retinal ganglion cells that are sensitive to light.
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18
Sleep enuresis (bedwetting)
A condition usually occurring in children characterized by involuntary urination during sleep.
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19
Chronotype
The behavioral manifestation of underlying circadian rhythms, often categorized as 'larks' (morning people) or 'owls' (night people).
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20
Sleep paralysis
A temporary inability to move or talk that occurs just before falling asleep or just after waking.
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21
Phase shift
A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus like light.
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22
Entrainment
The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus.
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