Studied by 2 people
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Clone
Organism genetically identical to the parent
Organismal cloning
Produces genetically identical organisms to the donor
Stem cell
Relatively unspecialized cell that can differentiate
Totipotent cell
Cell capable of generating an entire organism
Nuclear transplantation
Replacing egg nucleus with differentiated cell nucleus
Epigenetic changes
Changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence
Therapeutic cloning
Creating stem cells for therapeutic use
Embryonic stem cells
Stem cells from early embryos able to differentiate
Reproductive cloning
Creating genetically identical organisms
CRISPR
Latest gene editing tool exploiting bacterial processes
Dolly
Lamb cloned from an adult sheep via nuclear transplantation
Inner cell mass
Cells in early embryo giving rise to the entire embryo
ES cells
Embryonic stem cells capable of indefinite proliferation
Therapeutic vs reproductive cloning
Goal of repairing organs vs creating genetically identical organisms
Gene editing
Altering DNA sequences using tools like CRISPR
Acetylation of histones
Epigenetic modification affecting gene expression
Methylation of DNA
Epigenetic modification influencing gene regulation
Plasmids
Small DNA molecules used in genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes cutting DNA at specific sequences
Differentiation
Process where cells become specialized for specific functions
Enucleated egg
Egg cell with its nucleus removed
Blastocyst stage
Stage of early embryo development with inner cell mass
Adult stem cells
Replace non-reproducing specialized cells in the body
Chronic conditions
Long-term health issues
Surrogate mother
Carries and gives birth to a child for another person
Genetic Scissors
CRISPR/Cas9 tool for precise gene editing
Emmanuelle Charpentier
Co-discoverer of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors
Jennifer A. Doudna
Co-discoverer of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors
Nuclease Protein
Enzyme that cuts nucleic acids, like phage DNA
Guide RNA
RNA that guides Cas9 nuclease to target DNA
Frameshift Mutation
Mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides
Repair Pathway
Cellular mechanism to fix DNA double-strand breaks
Gene Inactivation
Disabling a gene's function through editing
Sickle Cell Disease Therapy
CRISPR therapy inactivates gene switch for fetal hemoglobin
CFTR
Gene editing target for cystic fibrosis
PKU
Gene editing target for phenylketonuria
DMD
Gene editing target for muscular dystrophy
CVD
Gene editing target for cardiovascular diseases
FDA Approval
First approval for gene editing therapy in humans
Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria, not the source of Cas9 protein
Gene Knockout
Disabling a gene's function by cutting its DNA
Synthetic RNA Sequences
Used to control DNA cutting in gene editing
Gene Repair
Technique to fix a mutated gene using a template
DNA Insertion
Adding DNA to fill a gap in the genome
Gene Editing Advantages
CRISPR offers precise, efficient, and cost-effective gene editing
Human Insulin
First produced in 1982 using Cdna cloned into bacteria
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Protein made using recombinant DNA tech for medical use
Transgenic
Organisms with new genetic info from another species
Pharming
Using animals/plants to express human genes for proteins
C4 Rice Project
Aims to alter rice to perform C4 photosynthesis for higher yield
Glyphosate
Herbicide that GM plants are resistant to by containing a bacterial allele
Bt Toxin
Toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis spores used in pest-resistant plants
Beta-Carotene
Precursor of vitamin A, added to rice to address deficiency
Loss of Biodiversity
Concern with GM crops leading to uniform resistances and potential survival issues
Allergy Issues
Potential allergies from consuming GM foods with genes from allergens
Cultural Dietary Practices
Concerns arise from mixing foods not traditionally eaten together
European Union GMO Regulation
Established legal framework in 2015 for GM crops labeling and bans
Biotechnology Benefits
Potential advantages in agriculture, industry, and medicine
