Bio ch 20 pt2

Clone

Organism genetically identical to the parent

Organismal cloning

Produces genetically identical organisms to the donor

Stem cell

Relatively unspecialized cell that can differentiate

Totipotent cell

Cell capable of generating an entire organism

Nuclear transplantation

Replacing egg nucleus with differentiated cell nucleus

Epigenetic changes

Changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence

Therapeutic cloning

Creating stem cells for therapeutic use

Embryonic stem cells

Stem cells from early embryos able to differentiate

Reproductive cloning

Creating genetically identical organisms

CRISPR

Latest gene editing tool exploiting bacterial processes

Dolly

Lamb cloned from an adult sheep via nuclear transplantation

Inner cell mass

Cells in early embryo giving rise to the entire embryo

ES cells

Embryonic stem cells capable of indefinite proliferation

Therapeutic vs reproductive cloning

Goal of repairing organs vs creating genetically identical organisms

Gene editing

Altering DNA sequences using tools like CRISPR

Acetylation of histones

Epigenetic modification affecting gene expression

Methylation of DNA

Epigenetic modification influencing gene regulation

Plasmids

Small DNA molecules used in genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes

Enzymes cutting DNA at specific sequences

Differentiation

Process where cells become specialized for specific functions

Enucleated egg

Egg cell with its nucleus removed

Blastocyst stage

Stage of early embryo development with inner cell mass

Adult stem cells

Replace non-reproducing specialized cells in the body

Chronic conditions

Long-term health issues

Surrogate mother

Carries and gives birth to a child for another person

Genetic Scissors

CRISPR/Cas9 tool for precise gene editing

Emmanuelle Charpentier

Co-discoverer of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors

Jennifer A. Doudna

Co-discoverer of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors

Nuclease Protein

Enzyme that cuts nucleic acids, like phage DNA

Guide RNA

RNA that guides Cas9 nuclease to target DNA

Frameshift Mutation

Mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides

Repair Pathway

Cellular mechanism to fix DNA double-strand breaks

Gene Inactivation

Disabling a gene's function through editing

Sickle Cell Disease Therapy

CRISPR therapy inactivates gene switch for fetal hemoglobin

CFTR

Gene editing target for cystic fibrosis

PKU

Gene editing target for phenylketonuria

DMD

Gene editing target for muscular dystrophy

CVD

Gene editing target for cardiovascular diseases

FDA Approval

First approval for gene editing therapy in humans

Bacteriophages

Viruses that infect bacteria, not the source of Cas9 protein

Gene Knockout

Disabling a gene's function by cutting its DNA

Synthetic RNA Sequences

Used to control DNA cutting in gene editing

Gene Repair

Technique to fix a mutated gene using a template

DNA Insertion

Adding DNA to fill a gap in the genome

Gene Editing Advantages

CRISPR offers precise, efficient, and cost-effective gene editing

Human Insulin

First produced in 1982 using Cdna cloned into bacteria

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Protein made using recombinant DNA tech for medical use

Transgenic

Organisms with new genetic info from another species

Pharming

Using animals/plants to express human genes for proteins

C4 Rice Project

Aims to alter rice to perform C4 photosynthesis for higher yield

Glyphosate

Herbicide that GM plants are resistant to by containing a bacterial allele

Bt Toxin

Toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis spores used in pest-resistant plants

Beta-Carotene

Precursor of vitamin A, added to rice to address deficiency

Loss of Biodiversity

Concern with GM crops leading to uniform resistances and potential survival issues

Allergy Issues

Potential allergies from consuming GM foods with genes from allergens

Cultural Dietary Practices

Concerns arise from mixing foods not traditionally eaten together

European Union GMO Regulation

Established legal framework in 2015 for GM crops labeling and bans

Biotechnology Benefits

Potential advantages in agriculture, industry, and medicine