Language Science Exam 1

Phonotactics

A systematic organization of phonemes within syllables (rules for combining phonemes in our language)

Trochee

STRONG/weak

Iamb

Weak/STRONG

Derivation

Additional of a derivational suffix that often, but not always, changes syntactic category (garden/gardener , patron/patronize)

Compounding

Creation of a new word by combining two or more free morphemes (input, notebook, breakup, snowball)

Coinage

A new creation of a root word based on no pre-existing morphemes (Kleenex, bandaid, google, escalator)

Clipped form

Shortened form of a pre-existing morpheme (lab, math, flu, exam)

Acronym

A word formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase (BBC, UFO, PIN)

Abbreviation

A word formed form the first letters of prominent syllables of a word or phrase (TV, FBI, ASHA)

Back Formation

A word formed by adding what is mistaken for an affix (editor from edit, bulldozer from bulldoze, mixture from mix) *have to know the word history

Brown's 14 Grammatical morphemes

1. Progressive -ing

2. Plural -s

3. Preposition in

4. Preposition on

5. Possessive -s

6. Regular past -ed

7. Irregular past

8. Regular 3rd person singular present tense (-s)

9. Articles (a, an, the)

10. Contractile copula

11. Contractile auxiliary

12. Uncontractible copula

13. Uncontractible auxiliary

14. Irregular 3rd person (has, does)

8 inflectional affixes

Plural -s, possessive -'s, comparative -er, superlative -est, present tense -s, past tense -ed, past participle -en -ed -t, present participle -ing

Only ____ inflectional morpheme can be attached to a particular syntactic category

ONE

Grammatical features of English (5)

1. Number (singular/plural)

2. Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

3. Case (pronouns and possessive)

4. Tense

5. Aspect (present participle/past participle)

Aspect

Indicates duration of the action (always occurs with an auxiliary verb- have, had, is, was, were)

Sentence types based on function

Declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, imperative

Sentence type based on clause structure

Simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence

Simple sentence

Contains one clause (1 NP + 1 VP)

Compound sentence

Contains two main clauses linked by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)

Complex sentence

Contains one main clause + subordinate clause

Finite subordinate types

-adverbial, nominal, relative

Adverbial clause (finite subordinate)

Contains subordinating conjunction (after, while, if, etc.)

Can switch the clause order and it still makes sense

The clause provides information about the verb in the main clause

Relative clause (finite subordinate)

A clause that is directly describing the noun

-must acknowledge that it contains a finite verb

-must mention that the nominal clause is describing the noun (identify the noun)

-"that, which, who"

Nominal clause (finite subordinate)

- a mental state verb toward the beginning of the sentence (says, know, wonder, wish, want, etc.)

-must discuss that it adds a complete thought that enhances the meaning of the main clauses

- a complete thought embedded into a main clause (Or a WH- clause)

-answers the question “he said what?”

Infinitive clause (nonfinite subordinate)

- a verb not marked for tense

-not linked to the subject

- often has "to ___"

- explain its a nonfinite verb

After we had dinner, we went out for ice cream.

Adverbial clause (finite subordinate)

The woman who was in pink was talking loud.

Relative clause (finite subordinate)

He said she makes good pies.

Nominal clause (finite subordinate)

Let me get my purse.

Infinitive (nonfinite subordinate)