Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
app: how we can recall things we learned prior
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
app: first take
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
app: filing away
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
app: the use of memories/learned info
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
app: multitasking mentally
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
app: any sense besides sight or hearing, lasting < a few seconds
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing,before the information is stored or forgotten.
app: brief, limited
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
app: limitless, seemingly permanent
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
app: at the ready, for immediate use
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
app: declarative memory
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
app: paying attention
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
app: subconsciously picking up on the remembering
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection.
app: non-declarative memory
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
app: visual encoding
echoic memory
memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
app: auditory encoding
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
app: grouping
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
app: acronyms
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
app: not procrastinating and cramming
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
app: retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
app: knowing the shape of a word but not how to spell it/what it means
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
app: we remember better with meaning
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
app: HIPPO ON CAMPUS
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
app: flashback or oddly clear memory, often short like a live photo (for me)
long-term potentation (LTP)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
app: neurological happening regarding memory
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
app: no hints, you just know it. SAQ ready.
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
app: need a hint, MCQ ready
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
app: refreshing, like for a final
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
app: remembering by association
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
app: remembering things to bring up in an argument because you remember them better because you felt angry then and now
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.
app: studying for map quiz
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories.
app: trying to get new, cant
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.
app: retro = old, trying to get old, cant
proactive interferance
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
app: mr. malloy remembering old names instead of new ones.
retroactive interferance
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
app: mr. malloy saying new names when trying to remember old ones
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
app: what pain? lol
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
app: faulty eyewitness saccounts
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
app: deja vu
déjà vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
app: i get this with smells
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
app: most brain functions
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
app: umbrella
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
app: when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
app: right brain
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
app: left brain
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
app: right brain
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error- prone—use of heuristics.
app: system to solving a problem
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
app: educated guess
insight
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
app: lighbulb
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
app: hush debates
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
app: stapler = stapler
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
app: gut feeling
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
app: how often this happens in general
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
app: how often this happens to me
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
app: hush debates
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
app: nuh uh
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
app: connotations
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
app: communication
phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
app: letter sounds
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
app: prefix
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
app: rules to language
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
app: Anne! She’s growing out of it now.
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
app: Anne! Getting this down with “Ashe” (their dog) and “Dada”
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
app: “go home” instead of “go”
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—“go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs.
app: no grammar
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).
app: inability vs difficulty
Broca’s area
controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
app: speech
Wernicke’s area
controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
app: understanding
linguistic determinsim
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
app: gendered objects in Spanish vs non-gendered objects in english
Richard Atkinson
proposed model to explain memory-forming process
app: sensory —> short term —> long term
Richard Shiffrin
proposed model to explain memory-forming process
app: sensory —> short term —> long term
George A. Miller
proposed that short-term memory can retain about 7 bits of info, give or take two.
app: short term memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
said that those who learn quickly also forget quickly
app: forgetting curve
Eric Kandel
studied how info becomes imbedded in brain matter and observed synaptic changes during learning
app: sea slugs
Elizabeth Loftus
experimented with misinformation effect
app: car crash video
Robert Sternberg
identified the five components of creativity
app: creativity
Wolfgang Köhler
psychologist that studied insight
app: chimpanzee using stick to get fruit
Amos Tversky
cognitive psychologist that found that heuristics can make smart people make dumb decisions
app: decision making
Dianel Kahneman
cognitive psychologist that found that heuristics can make smart people make dumb decisions
app: decision making
Steven Pinker
cognitive scientist that said that we listen to things that contain info and believed that language is “the jewel in the crown of cognition”
app: big emphasis on language in cognition
Noam Chomsky
linguist that argues that all languages share some basic elements
app: universa grammar
Paul Broca
French physician that discovered that damage to an area of the left frontal lobe resulted in disabled speech production
app: Broca’s Area
Carl Wernicke
German investigator that discovered that damage to an area of the left temporal love resulted in disabled speech understanding
app: Wernicke’s Area
Benjamin Lee Whorf
contended that language determines the way we think
app: linguistic determinism
Note 
Flashcard (36)