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ASI 102 Test 3
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368 Terms
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1
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Growth
results from increase in the number and size of body cells
2
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what is the basic unit of growth?
cells
3
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true or false all part of the animal develop equally at the same rate
false
4
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development
differential growth of body parts
5
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why are the legs larger in comparison to the rest of the body in newborn calves
horses
6
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what tissue primarily develops pre-Nataly?
bone
7
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what are the 2 types of growth?
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
8
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hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
9
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hypertrophy
increase in cell size
10
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what type of growth is double-muscling?
hypertrophy
11
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fat cells
hypertrophy (formed during infancy and increase in size later)
12
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what is the growth curve for all animals called?
S shaped or Sigmoid Curve
13
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what marks the beginning of rapid growth?
puberty
14
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how much growth occurs prior to birth?
very little
15
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how rapid is growth immediately after birth
initially slow
16
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senescence
inability for cells to replicate and grow (decline)
17
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when is the most efficient time of growth?
puberty to maturity
18
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when does the growth curve begin?
following conception
19
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what are the growth units on a growth curve
pounds
20
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maintenance
no weight gain or loss
21
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growth
increase weight
22
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compensatory gain
fed lower energy diet for a period of time
23
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what is the benefit of compensatory gain?
increased feed efficiency and gain over traditional feeding
24
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true or false early maturing and later maturing follow different growth curves
false
25
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what is the difference in the growth curves of early and late maturing?
length of growth pattern
26
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what factors affect maturity?
breed
27
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true or false there is more variation between breeds than within a breed?
false
28
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in what species do males mature quicker than females?
swine
29
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are early or late maturing animals generally larger framed?
later maturing
30
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chronological age
age in days or time units (teeth)
31
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Physiological age
The time when an animal reaches a certain level of development (bone ossification)
32
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what are the primary tissues that develop postnatally?
bone
33
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which tissue is the earliest maturing and remains at a constant body %?
bone
34
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osteocytes
true bone cells
35
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osteoblasts
bone forming cells
36
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osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
37
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Where does growth in length occur?
long bones
38
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what is growth in width a response to?
stress/ increased activity
39
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how much bone is replaced each year in healthy animals?
5-10%
40
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what is the 2nd tissue to develop?
muscle
41
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what tissue is extremely important to the meat industry?
muscle
42
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when does muscle rapidly increase and slow?
increase at puberty slow near maturity
43
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what is an example of restructured meat?
Arby's roast beef from the chuck/shoulder (tough meat)
44
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what are the 3 types of muscles?
skeletal
45
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how do muscles change in size?
based on activity-hypertrophy
46
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true or false hyperplasia is common in adult animals?
false
47
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skeletel muscle
support and locomotion
48
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smooth muscle
GI tract
49
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cardiac muscle
heart
50
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what is the last tissue to develop?
fat
51
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true or false fat begins to increase as muscle deposition slows down
true
52
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what are the 4 types of fat?
subcutaneous
53
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what is the order of fat deposition?
KPH
54
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which 2 types of fat can be switched in order of deposition?
intermuscular and subcutaneous
55
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which fat is the first to go in an energy deficient state (diet)?
the last fat deposited
56
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subcutaneous
under the skin (insulation
57
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KPH
kidney
58
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Intermuscular
between muscles (seam fat)
59
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Intramuscular
marbling (adds flavor and juiciness)
60
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what factors affect growth?
nutrition
61
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why can sex effect physiological maturity?
difference in hormonal balance
62
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estrogen
promotes fat deposition
63
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what do implants add?
estrogenic or androgenic effects
64
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where are implants inserted?
middle 1/3 of the ear
65
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what do implants do?
improve feed efficiency
66
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feed additives
ionophores
67
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goals for growth
moderate birth weight
68
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increase in weight
W2-W1=growth
69
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weight per day of age (WDA)
current weight/days of age
70
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increase per unit of time (ADG)
W2-W1 / time in days
71
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Swine ADG
days to 260 (fewer days is more desireable)
72
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ideal ADG for cattle
4-6
73
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ideal ADG for swine
2-3
74
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ideal ADG for sheep
1/4-1/2
75
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individual performance
an animal with average performance within a group will have a ratio of 100
76
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what is the feed to gain ratio for pigs
2:1
77
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what is the feed to gain ratio for cattle
5:1
78
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true or false environment affects the degree of expressed genetic potential
true
79
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what is our goal with environment
to provide the optimum climate for maximum production
80
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true or false the most economical environment also reaches maximum production
false
81
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what factors go into animal productivity?
management
82
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what is the most important thing do to when considering animal productivity?
think like an animal
83
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what are the 2 general classifications of animals?
cold blooded
84
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cold blooded
exotherms/poikilotherms have wide swings in body temperature
85
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examples of exotherms?
snakes
86
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true or false poikilotherms are high maintenance?
false
87
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does PETA support the ownership of snakes?
no
88
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warm blooded
endotherms/homeotherms maintain a "constant" body temperature
89
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true or false all farm animals can tolerate vast differences in environment
true they are endotherms
90
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when do you measure the temperature of an endotherm
first thing in the morning
91
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equation to maintain a constant body temperature
(heat produces) + (heat received) = (heat loss)
92
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what are the 4 major avenues of heat gain or loss?
radiation
93
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radiation (Rd)
exchange of heat between non-toughing objects
94
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example of radiation
sun versus cold concrete (gain & loss)
95
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Conduction (Cd)
flow of heat from warm to cold objects which are touching
96
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example of conduction
cold floor
97
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what is the primary means of heat transfer?
convection
98
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convection (Cv)
flow of heat through air or water
99
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if a calf is born in the spring/winter where does the heat go?
in
100
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if a calf is born in the fall where does the heat go?
out
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