ASI 102 Test 3

Growth

results from increase in the number and size of body cells

what is the basic unit of growth?

cells

true or false all part of the animal develop equally at the same rate

false

development

differential growth of body parts

why are the legs larger in comparison to the rest of the body in newborn calves

horses

what tissue primarily develops pre-Nataly?

bone

what are the 2 types of growth?

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

what type of growth is double-muscling?

hypertrophy

fat cells

hypertrophy (formed during infancy and increase in size later)

what is the growth curve for all animals called?

S shaped or Sigmoid Curve

what marks the beginning of rapid growth?

puberty

how much growth occurs prior to birth?

very little

how rapid is growth immediately after birth

initially slow

senescence

inability for cells to replicate and grow (decline)

when is the most efficient time of growth?

puberty to maturity

when does the growth curve begin?

following conception

what are the growth units on a growth curve

pounds

maintenance

no weight gain or loss

growth

increase weight

compensatory gain

fed lower energy diet for a period of time

what is the benefit of compensatory gain?

increased feed efficiency and gain over traditional feeding

true or false early maturing and later maturing follow different growth curves

false

what is the difference in the growth curves of early and late maturing?

length of growth pattern

what factors affect maturity?

breed

true or false there is more variation between breeds than within a breed?

false

in what species do males mature quicker than females?

swine

are early or late maturing animals generally larger framed?

later maturing

chronological age

age in days or time units (teeth)

Physiological age

The time when an animal reaches a certain level of development (bone ossification)

what are the primary tissues that develop postnatally?

bone

which tissue is the earliest maturing and remains at a constant body %?

bone

osteocytes

true bone cells

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

Where does growth in length occur?

long bones

what is growth in width a response to?

stress/ increased activity

how much bone is replaced each year in healthy animals?

5-10%

what is the 2nd tissue to develop?

muscle

what tissue is extremely important to the meat industry?

muscle

when does muscle rapidly increase and slow?

increase at puberty slow near maturity

what is an example of restructured meat?

Arby's roast beef from the chuck/shoulder (tough meat)

what are the 3 types of muscles?

skeletal

how do muscles change in size?

based on activity-hypertrophy

true or false hyperplasia is common in adult animals?

false

skeletel muscle

support and locomotion

smooth muscle

GI tract

cardiac muscle

heart

what is the last tissue to develop?

fat

true or false fat begins to increase as muscle deposition slows down

true

what are the 4 types of fat?

subcutaneous

what is the order of fat deposition?

KPH

which 2 types of fat can be switched in order of deposition?

intermuscular and subcutaneous

which fat is the first to go in an energy deficient state (diet)?

the last fat deposited

subcutaneous

under the skin (insulation

KPH

kidney

Intermuscular

between muscles (seam fat)

Intramuscular

marbling (adds flavor and juiciness)

what factors affect growth?

nutrition

why can sex effect physiological maturity?

difference in hormonal balance

estrogen

promotes fat deposition

what do implants add?

estrogenic or androgenic effects

where are implants inserted?

middle 1/3 of the ear

what do implants do?

improve feed efficiency

feed additives

ionophores

goals for growth

moderate birth weight

increase in weight

W2-W1=growth

weight per day of age (WDA)

current weight/days of age

increase per unit of time (ADG)

W2-W1 / time in days

Swine ADG

days to 260 (fewer days is more desireable)

ideal ADG for cattle

4-6

ideal ADG for swine

2-3

ideal ADG for sheep

1/4-1/2

individual performance

an animal with average performance within a group will have a ratio of 100

what is the feed to gain ratio for pigs

2:1

what is the feed to gain ratio for cattle

5:1

true or false environment affects the degree of expressed genetic potential

true

what is our goal with environment

to provide the optimum climate for maximum production

true or false the most economical environment also reaches maximum production

false

what factors go into animal productivity?

management

what is the most important thing do to when considering animal productivity?

think like an animal

what are the 2 general classifications of animals?

cold blooded

cold blooded

exotherms/poikilotherms have wide swings in body temperature

examples of exotherms?

snakes

true or false poikilotherms are high maintenance?

false

does PETA support the ownership of snakes?

no

warm blooded

endotherms/homeotherms maintain a "constant" body temperature

true or false all farm animals can tolerate vast differences in environment

true they are endotherms

when do you measure the temperature of an endotherm

first thing in the morning

equation to maintain a constant body temperature

(heat produces) + (heat received) = (heat loss)

what are the 4 major avenues of heat gain or loss?

radiation

radiation (Rd)

exchange of heat between non-toughing objects

example of radiation

sun versus cold concrete (gain & loss)

Conduction (Cd)

flow of heat from warm to cold objects which are touching

example of conduction

cold floor

what is the primary means of heat transfer?

convection

convection (Cv)

flow of heat through air or water

if a calf is born in the spring/winter where does the heat go?

in

if a calf is born in the fall where does the heat go?

out