Studied by 1 person
Growth
results from increase in the number and size of body cells
what is the basic unit of growth?
cells
true or false all part of the animal develop equally at the same rate
false
development
differential growth of body parts
why are the legs larger in comparison to the rest of the body in newborn calves
horses
what tissue primarily develops pre-Nataly?
bone
what are the 2 types of growth?
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
what type of growth is double-muscling?
hypertrophy
fat cells
hypertrophy (formed during infancy and increase in size later)
what is the growth curve for all animals called?
S shaped or Sigmoid Curve
what marks the beginning of rapid growth?
puberty
how much growth occurs prior to birth?
very little
how rapid is growth immediately after birth
initially slow
senescence
inability for cells to replicate and grow (decline)
when is the most efficient time of growth?
puberty to maturity
when does the growth curve begin?
following conception
what are the growth units on a growth curve
pounds
maintenance
no weight gain or loss
growth
increase weight
compensatory gain
fed lower energy diet for a period of time
what is the benefit of compensatory gain?
increased feed efficiency and gain over traditional feeding
true or false early maturing and later maturing follow different growth curves
false
what is the difference in the growth curves of early and late maturing?
length of growth pattern
what factors affect maturity?
breed
true or false there is more variation between breeds than within a breed?
false
in what species do males mature quicker than females?
swine
are early or late maturing animals generally larger framed?
later maturing
chronological age
age in days or time units (teeth)
Physiological age
The time when an animal reaches a certain level of development (bone ossification)
what are the primary tissues that develop postnatally?
bone
which tissue is the earliest maturing and remains at a constant body %?
bone
osteocytes
true bone cells
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
Where does growth in length occur?
long bones
what is growth in width a response to?
stress/ increased activity
how much bone is replaced each year in healthy animals?
5-10%
what is the 2nd tissue to develop?
muscle
what tissue is extremely important to the meat industry?
muscle
when does muscle rapidly increase and slow?
increase at puberty slow near maturity
what is an example of restructured meat?
Arby's roast beef from the chuck/shoulder (tough meat)
what are the 3 types of muscles?
skeletal
how do muscles change in size?
based on activity-hypertrophy
true or false hyperplasia is common in adult animals?
false
skeletel muscle
support and locomotion
smooth muscle
GI tract
cardiac muscle
heart
what is the last tissue to develop?
fat
true or false fat begins to increase as muscle deposition slows down
true
what are the 4 types of fat?
subcutaneous
what is the order of fat deposition?
KPH
which 2 types of fat can be switched in order of deposition?
intermuscular and subcutaneous
which fat is the first to go in an energy deficient state (diet)?
the last fat deposited
subcutaneous
under the skin (insulation
KPH
kidney
Intermuscular
between muscles (seam fat)
Intramuscular
marbling (adds flavor and juiciness)
what factors affect growth?
nutrition
why can sex effect physiological maturity?
difference in hormonal balance
estrogen
promotes fat deposition
what do implants add?
estrogenic or androgenic effects
where are implants inserted?
middle 1/3 of the ear
what do implants do?
improve feed efficiency
feed additives
ionophores
goals for growth
moderate birth weight
increase in weight
W2-W1=growth
weight per day of age (WDA)
current weight/days of age
increase per unit of time (ADG)
W2-W1 / time in days
Swine ADG
days to 260 (fewer days is more desireable)
ideal ADG for cattle
4-6
ideal ADG for swine
2-3
ideal ADG for sheep
1/4-1/2
individual performance
an animal with average performance within a group will have a ratio of 100
what is the feed to gain ratio for pigs
2:1
what is the feed to gain ratio for cattle
5:1
true or false environment affects the degree of expressed genetic potential
true
what is our goal with environment
to provide the optimum climate for maximum production
true or false the most economical environment also reaches maximum production
false
what factors go into animal productivity?
management
what is the most important thing do to when considering animal productivity?
think like an animal
what are the 2 general classifications of animals?
cold blooded
cold blooded
exotherms/poikilotherms have wide swings in body temperature
examples of exotherms?
snakes
true or false poikilotherms are high maintenance?
false
does PETA support the ownership of snakes?
no
warm blooded
endotherms/homeotherms maintain a "constant" body temperature
true or false all farm animals can tolerate vast differences in environment
true they are endotherms
when do you measure the temperature of an endotherm
first thing in the morning
equation to maintain a constant body temperature
(heat produces) + (heat received) = (heat loss)
what are the 4 major avenues of heat gain or loss?
radiation
radiation (Rd)
exchange of heat between non-toughing objects
example of radiation
sun versus cold concrete (gain & loss)
Conduction (Cd)
flow of heat from warm to cold objects which are touching
example of conduction
cold floor
what is the primary means of heat transfer?
convection
convection (Cv)
flow of heat through air or water
if a calf is born in the spring/winter where does the heat go?
in
if a calf is born in the fall where does the heat go?
out
Note 
Flashcard (93)