ASI 102 Test 3

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Growth

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368 Terms
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Growth

results from increase in the number and size of body cells

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what is the basic unit of growth?

cells

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true or false all part of the animal develop equally at the same rate

false

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development

differential growth of body parts

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why are the legs larger in comparison to the rest of the body in newborn calves

horses

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what tissue primarily develops pre-Nataly?

bone

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what are the 2 types of growth?

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

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hypertrophy

increase in cell size

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what type of growth is double-muscling?

hypertrophy

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fat cells

hypertrophy (formed during infancy and increase in size later)

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what is the growth curve for all animals called?

S shaped or Sigmoid Curve

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what marks the beginning of rapid growth?

puberty

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how much growth occurs prior to birth?

very little

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how rapid is growth immediately after birth

initially slow

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senescence

inability for cells to replicate and grow (decline)

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when is the most efficient time of growth?

puberty to maturity

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when does the growth curve begin?

following conception

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what are the growth units on a growth curve

pounds

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maintenance

no weight gain or loss

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growth

increase weight

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compensatory gain

fed lower energy diet for a period of time

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what is the benefit of compensatory gain?

increased feed efficiency and gain over traditional feeding

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true or false early maturing and later maturing follow different growth curves

false

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what is the difference in the growth curves of early and late maturing?

length of growth pattern

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what factors affect maturity?

breed

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true or false there is more variation between breeds than within a breed?

false

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in what species do males mature quicker than females?

swine

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are early or late maturing animals generally larger framed?

later maturing

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chronological age

age in days or time units (teeth)

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Physiological age

The time when an animal reaches a certain level of development (bone ossification)

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what are the primary tissues that develop postnatally?

bone

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which tissue is the earliest maturing and remains at a constant body %?

bone

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osteocytes

true bone cells

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osteoblasts

bone forming cells

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osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

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Where does growth in length occur?

long bones

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what is growth in width a response to?

stress/ increased activity

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how much bone is replaced each year in healthy animals?

5-10%

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what is the 2nd tissue to develop?

muscle

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what tissue is extremely important to the meat industry?

muscle

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when does muscle rapidly increase and slow?

increase at puberty slow near maturity

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what is an example of restructured meat?

Arby's roast beef from the chuck/shoulder (tough meat)

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what are the 3 types of muscles?

skeletal

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how do muscles change in size?

based on activity-hypertrophy

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true or false hyperplasia is common in adult animals?

false

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skeletel muscle

support and locomotion

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smooth muscle

GI tract

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cardiac muscle

heart

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what is the last tissue to develop?

fat

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true or false fat begins to increase as muscle deposition slows down

true

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what are the 4 types of fat?

subcutaneous

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what is the order of fat deposition?

KPH

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which 2 types of fat can be switched in order of deposition?

intermuscular and subcutaneous

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which fat is the first to go in an energy deficient state (diet)?

the last fat deposited

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subcutaneous

under the skin (insulation

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KPH

kidney

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Intermuscular

between muscles (seam fat)

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Intramuscular

marbling (adds flavor and juiciness)

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what factors affect growth?

nutrition

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why can sex effect physiological maturity?

difference in hormonal balance

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estrogen

promotes fat deposition

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what do implants add?

estrogenic or androgenic effects

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where are implants inserted?

middle 1/3 of the ear

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what do implants do?

improve feed efficiency

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feed additives

ionophores

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goals for growth

moderate birth weight

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increase in weight

W2-W1=growth

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weight per day of age (WDA)

current weight/days of age

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increase per unit of time (ADG)

W2-W1 / time in days

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Swine ADG

days to 260 (fewer days is more desireable)

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ideal ADG for cattle

4-6

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ideal ADG for swine

2-3

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ideal ADG for sheep

1/4-1/2

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individual performance

an animal with average performance within a group will have a ratio of 100

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what is the feed to gain ratio for pigs

2:1

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what is the feed to gain ratio for cattle

5:1

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true or false environment affects the degree of expressed genetic potential

true

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what is our goal with environment

to provide the optimum climate for maximum production

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true or false the most economical environment also reaches maximum production

false

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what factors go into animal productivity?

management

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what is the most important thing do to when considering animal productivity?

think like an animal

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what are the 2 general classifications of animals?

cold blooded

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cold blooded

exotherms/poikilotherms have wide swings in body temperature

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