Overview of Russian Geography, History, and Society

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to the geography, history, and societal issues in Russia as discussed in the lecture notes.

Siberia

A vast region of Russia known for its harsh climate, large areas of frozen tundra, and significant natural resources.

Volga River

The longest river in Europe, crucial for transportation and irrigation in Russia, often referred to as the 'mother of Volga.'

Permafrost

Permanently frozen ground found in northern regions of Russia, posing challenges for construction and agriculture.

Taiga

A biome characterized by coniferous forests, known for its evergreen trees and significant timber production.

Ural Mountains

An old mountain range in Russia that serves as a natural divider between Siberia and European Russia.

Russification

The policy of forcibly assimilating non-Russian communities into Russian culture, often involving the relocation of ethnic Russians.

Glasnost

A policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev advocating for transparency and openness in government, part of reforming the Soviet economy.

Kleptocracy

A government characterized by rampant corruption, where officials exploit their power for personal gain.

Oligarchs

Business tycoons in Russia who gained significant wealth and influence during the privatization of state-owned enterprises in the 1990s.

Nazino tragedy

A tragic event in 1933 when prisoners were abandoned on Nazino Island in Siberia, leading to starvation and cannibalism.

Black soil (Chernozem)

Fertile soil found in parts of Russia, valued for agricultural productivity, particularly suitable for crops like corn and sugar beets.

Economic shock therapy

An abrupt transition from a command economy to a market-based economy, resulting in significant economic distress in Russia.

Environmental pollution

Significant contamination of air and water resources in Russia, exacerbated by industrial activities and neglect.