Bryce LaRoche Unit 2.3 Cytology

What is interphase?

The period where the cell is forming before it starts the division process.

What is the G1 phase of interphase?

A period of cell growth, includes active protein synthesis and formation of organelles in the cyoplasm

What is the S phase of interphase?

The portion where DNA is synthesized and where the chromosomes replicate

What is the G2 phase of interphase?

A period of cell growth where mitotic structures form

What are the four steps to the mitotic phase?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What is Prophase?

The cell prepares to divide as the DNA coils up into chromosomes and the mitotic apparatus forms

What is Metaphase?

Chromosomes line-up in the middle of the cell

What is Anaphase?

Chromosomes move apart to the opposite ends of the cell [Karyokinesis]

What is telophase?

The cell constricts into two cells (cytokinesis) and the cells returns back to its interphase appearance (DNA uncoils and mitotic apparatus breaks down)

What is cytokinesis?

The cell splitting into two identical cells

How often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide?

They divide continuously throughout life

What is the alimentary canal?

The continuous tube that goes from the mouth to the anus

How often do live and kidney cells divide?

They divide as needed

How often do muscles and nerve cells divide?

The do not divide (meaning they are amitotic)

What does Amitotic mean?

It means they are cells that don’t divide.

What are two types of abnormal cell division?

Benign tumors and malignant tumors

What is hyperplasia?

An increase in the number of cells.

What is a neoplasm?

Its a tumor

What are malignant tumors known as?

They are known as cancers.

What is the end result of meiosis

The production of haploid sex cells (gametes), which are sperm and ova

Where does Meiosis occur?

The reproductive organs (gonads)

What does karyokinesis mean?

The division of a cell nucleus during cell division (it literally means “nucleus movement”)

What does soma mean?

Soma means body

What is a Karyotype?

The complete set of an organism’s chromosomes laid out