Maternity Exam 2

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true labor: contraction timing

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true labor: contraction timing

regular, becoming closer together, usually 4-6 minutes apart, lasting 30-60 seconds

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true labor: contraction strength

becomes stronger with time, vaginal pressure is usually felt

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true labor: contraction discomfort

starts in the back and radiates around toward the front of the abdomen

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how long to stay home for true labor

until contractions 5 minutes apart, lasting 45-60 seconds, and so strong conversation during is impossible

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true labor: contraction alleviation

continue no matter what positional change is made

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main indication of true labor

cervical changes

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false labor: contraction timing

irregular, not occuring close together

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false labor: contraction strength

frequently weak, not getting stronger with time or alternating

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false labor: contraction discomfort

usually felt in the front of abdomen

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false labor: contraction alleviation

slow down or stop with walking, position changes, and fluid consumption

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false labor indication

braxton hicks contractions

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indications for induction of labor

Prolonged gestation, prolonged premature rupture of membranes, gestational hypertension, cardiac/renal disease, chorioamnionitis, dystocia, IUFD, and diabetes

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methods for induction of labor

cervidil, cytotec, foley bulb, herbs, sexual intercourse with breast stimulation, stripping of membranes to cause detachment

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when is cervical ripening done

before the administration of pitocin

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what herbs are used for induction

evening primrose oil, raspberry leaf, black haw

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fetal fibronectin

predicts preterm labor with a cervical swab that turn blue if positive

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what are manifestations of preterm labor

cramps, UTI symptoms, pelvic pressure/fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or general discomfort

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what is preterm labor

The occurrence of regular uterine contractions accompanied by cervical effacement and dilation before the end of the 37th week of gestation

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what is dystocia

the abnormal progression of labor

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what are the risks for dystocia

Epidural analgesia, excessive analgesia, multiple pregnancy, hydramnios, maternal exhaustion, ineffective maternal pushing technique, occiput posterior position, maternal age over 34 years, high caffeine intake, overweight, gestational age over 41 weeks, chorioamnionitis, ineffective urine contraction, and high fetal station at complete cervical dilation

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Mcrobert's Maneuver

legs extended way back; thighs flexed/abducted to straighten pelvic curve

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suprapubic pressure

Mcroberts with light pressure above the pubic bone pushing fetal anterior shoulder down

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macrosomia

4000-4500g baby birthweight (8.8-9.9lbs)

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cephalopelvic disproportion

head too big to pass through pelvis, requires emergency c-section

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what is the true pelvis

the bony passageway through which the fetus must travel

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what are the three planes of the true pelvis

the inlet, the mid-pelvis (cavity), and the outlet

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the inlet

upper pelvic narrow, entrance toward birth canal, and wider transversely than it is front to back

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the mid-pelvis (cavity)

As fetus passes through this small area, their chest is compressed causing lung fluid and mucus to be expelled – allows air to enter lungs with newborn’s first breath

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the outlet

bound by ischal tuberosities, wider from front to back, measured to ensure the adequacy of pelvic outlet for vaginal birth

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marked s/s of amniotic fluid embolism

sudden hypotension and difficulty breathing

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amniotic fluid embolism

obstetric emergency; sudden onset of hypotension, hypoxia, and coagulopathy due to disruption in maternal circulation and amniotic fluid

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risk factors of intrauterine fetal demise

renal disease, substance abuse, advanced maternal age, uterine rupture, and trauma

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intra uterine fetal demise

after 20 weeks gestation before birth and unknown cause

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s/s of uterine rupture

sudden fetal distress, abdominal pain without epidural, vaginal bleeding, hematuria, irregular abdominal wall contour, loss of station in the fetal presenting part, and hypovolemic shock

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uterine rupture

catastrophic tearing of the uterus at site of previous scar, emergency c-section indicated

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what is the onset of uterine rupture marked by

sudden fetal bradycardia

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what are the risk factors of uterine rupture

back to back pregnancies, failed TOLAC, drugs, untreated infections

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what is TOLAC

trial of labor after cesarean

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early recognition of mag sulfate overdose

frequent monitoring of maternal respiratory effort and DTR

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what to monitor for mag sulfate

monitor mother for N/V, HA, weakness, hypotension, and cardiopulmonary arrest

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how to administer pitocin

10 units added to 1L/1000mL of isotonic solution

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what are risks with pitocin

uterine hyperstimulation leading to fetal compromise and impaired oxygenation

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antidiuretic effect w/ pitocin

resulting in decreased uterine flow that can lead to water intoxication

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what to monitor for pitocin

headache and vomiting

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variability

back and forth between SNS and PNS

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absent variability

no fluctuation in HR, straight line on strip

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minimal varability

less than 5 bpm change in HR

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moderate variability

ideal; between 5-25 bpm change in HR

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marked variability

greater than 25 bpm change in HR

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decelerations

transient decline in fetal HR baseline (downward peaks on strip)

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early decelerations

with contractions; show head compression

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variable decelerations

cord compression

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late decelerations

uteroplacental insufficiency and O2 cut off

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what can late decelerations indicate

umbilical cord prolapse

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accelerations

15 bpm or more above baseline for greater than 15 seconds but less than 2 minutes

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what are the types of fetal monitoring

doppler, external, and internal

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FHR indicates?

clinical indicator of acid-based balance and cerebral perfusion

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what impacts FHR

meds, hydration, bleeding, hypoxia, maternal fever, street drugs, fetal anomalies, and fetal infections

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FHR monitoring for low risk

every 15 minutes

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FHR monitoring for high risk

every 5 minutes

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normal FHR

110-160 bpm

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FHR bradycardia

below 110, lasts 10 minutes or longer

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FHR tachycardia

above 160, last 10 minutes or longer

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category 1 pattern

normal baseline, moderate variability, accelerations, and early decelerations

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category 2 pattern s/s

tachy or brady; absent, minimal, or marked variability; prolonged decelerations (>2 but <10 mins)

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category 2 pattern predictions

not predictive of abnormal fetal abid-base status but requires evaluation and continuous monitoring

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category 3 pattern prediction

predicitive of abnormal fetus acid-base balance and requires intervention

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category 3 pattern s/s

fetal bradycardia, reccurent late decels, recurrent variable decels (declining or absent)

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intervention for category 3 patterns

give mom O2, IV fluids, or stop pitocin to promote rest

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treatment of opiod overdose

naloxone/narcan to prevent or reverse CNS depression

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opiod effect on mom and newborn

respiratory depression and decrease in FHR variability and transient FHR pattern change

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other systemic effects of opiods

N/V, pruritis, delayed gastric emptying, drowsiness, hypoventilation, and newborn depression

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nesting

sudden increase in energy 24-48 hrs before labor when women focus on childbirth preparation by cleaning, cooking and preparing nursery

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what causes nesting

increase in epinephrine release and decrease in progesterone

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indications for C-section

previous c-section, breech presentation, dystocia, and fetal distress

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cervical effacement

softening of the cervical tissue to allow the passage of the fetus through the canal (0-10cm)

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what are the critical factors affecting labor and birth (5 Ps)

passageway, passenger, powers, position, and physical response

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fetal physical response

decreased breathing movements, increased PCO2, decreased circulation/perfusion secondary to uterine contractions

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maternal physical response for GI

Decreased gastric motility and food absorption, Decreased gastric emptying and gastric pH

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maternal physical repsonse immune

increased WBCs and sligh temp elevation

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maternal physical response O2 and heart

increased HR and CO during contractions, and increased RR and O2 consumption

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other maternal physical response

Muscle aches/cramps, Decreased glucose levels due to NPO status

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maternal position kneeling

remove pressure on the maternal vena cave and helps rotate the fetus from a posterior position to an anterior on to facilitate birth

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maternal position squatting

enlarges the pelvic inlet and outlet diameters

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