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Ottoman Empire

A historical empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922, centered in modern-day Turkey and known for its significant cultural, political, and military influence.

Safavid Empire

A Persian empire that ruled from 1501 to 1736, known for establishing Shia Islam as the state religion and for its cultural achievements.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912, known for its expansion and the consolidation of power in East Asia.

Mehmed II

Also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, he was the Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453.

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards, originally composed of Christian boys taken through the devshirme system.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to 1566, known for significant territorial expansion and cultural achievements.

Vienna

The capital of Austria, notable for being the site of two unsuccessful sieges by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Ismail

The founder of the Safavid Empire, who declared Shia Islam the state religion and ruled from 1501 to 1524.

Shi'itte

A branch of Islam that holds that Muhammad's rightful successor was his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and emphasizes the leadership of the Imams.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam, which believes that the community should select its leaders, and recognizes the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad.

Persian Rugs

Handmade carpets produced in Iran, known for their intricate designs and high quality, often reflecting the culture and history of the region.

Mughals

A dynasty that ruled most of India from the early 16th to the 19th century, known for its rich cultural contributions and architectural achievements.

Babur

The founder of the Mughal Empire in India, who reigned from 1526 to 1530 and was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan.

Akbar

The third Mughal emperor, known for his policies of religious tolerance and administrative reforms, ruling from 1556 to 1605.

Ivan the Terrible

The first Tsar of Russia, known for his ruthless rule and the centralization of power, reigning from 1547 to 1584.

Tsar (Czar)

A title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers, particularly in Russia.

Siberia

A vast region of Russia, known for its harsh climate and significant natural resources, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

Romanovs

The last imperial dynasty to rule Russia, from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917.

Peter the Great

The Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, known for his efforts to modernize and westernize Russia.

Devshirme

A system used by the Ottoman Empire to recruit soldiers and bureaucrats, involving the conscription of Christian boys.

Ottoman decline

The gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire from the late 17th century, leading to its eventual dissolution after World War I.

Isfahan

The capital of the Safavid Empire, known for its stunning architecture and cultural significance.

Istanbul

The largest city in Turkey, historically known as Constantinople, and a major cultural and economic center.

Cossacks

Semi-nomadic people known for their military prowess and role in the expansion of the Russian Empire, particularly in Ukraine and Siberia.

Serfs

Peasants in Russia who were bound to the land and subject to the authority of landowners until the emancipation reform of 1861.

Absolutism

A political system in which a single ruler holds absolute power, often justified by the divine right of kings.

Divine Right Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, and are not accountable to their subjects.

Louis XIV

The King of France from 1643 to 1715, known as the 'Sun King' and for his absolute monarchy and the construction of the Palace of Versailles.

Versailles

A royal palace located near Paris, symbolizing the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV and the power of the French state.

Power of the Catholic Church

The influence and authority held by the Catholic Church over spiritual and political matters in medieval Europe.

Martin Luther

A German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the practices of the Catholic Church in 1517.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Catholic Church that were believed to reduce punishment for sins, criticized by Martin Luther.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christianity.

95 Theses

A list of propositions for debate written by Martin Luther in 1517, criticizing the sale of indulgences and other church practices.

Printing Press

A revolutionary invention that allowed for the mass production of books and the spread of ideas, significantly impacting the Reformation.

Catholic Counter Reformation

The period of Catholic revival initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and reaffirming its doctrines.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded in 1540, known for their educational, missionary, and charitable works.

King Henry VIII

The King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Church of England

The Anglican church established by King Henry VIII, marking England's break from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.

Witch-hunts

Persecutions and trials that occurred in Europe and America from the 15th to the 18th centuries, targeting individuals accused of witchcraft.

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and methodology during the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to modern science.

Tycho Brahe

A Danish astronomer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations in the late 16th century.

Copernicus

A Renaissance astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, placing the Sun at the center rather than the Earth.

Galileo

An Italian astronomer and physicist who made significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution, including improvements to the telescope.

Rene Descartes

A French philosopher and mathematician known for his statement 'Cogito, ergo sum' and contributions to modern philosophy and mathematics.

Robert Boyle

An Anglo-Irish chemist known as one of the founders of modern chemistry, famous for Boyle's law regarding gas behavior.

Royal Society of London

A prestigious society established in 1660 for the promotion of natural knowledge and scientific research in England.

Nullius in Verba

The motto of the Royal Society of London, meaning 'On the word of no one,' emphasizing the importance of empirical evidence.

Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.