PYSC Exam 1

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123 Terms

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Cognitive Psychology
the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use, and communicate information
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Empiricism
belief that knowledge comes from experience
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Nativism
emphasizes the role of native ability over the role of learning in the acquisition of abilities and tendencies
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Mental Association
Locke argued that two distinct ideas or experiences could become joined in the mind simply because they happened to occur or be presented to the individual at the same time
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believed in nativism
Socrates and Plato ___
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believed in empiricism
Aristotle ___
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Wilhelm Wundt
converted a laboratory into the first institute for research in experimental psychology
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Introspection
consisted of presenting highly trained observers with various stimuli and asking them to describe their conscious experiences
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Structuralism
focus on the elemental components of the mind and how they combine to perform mental processes
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structuralists
Edward B. Titchner and Wundt were ___
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Functionalism
emphasizes questions such as why the mind or a particular cognitive process works the way it does; draws on Darwinian evolutionary theory
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believed in functionalism
WIlliam James ___
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Ibn Al-Haytham
father of psychophysics; used the experimental method to study vision in the brain
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Bacon and Locke
British psychologists interested in how the mind failed
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Tabula Rasa
Locke; mind is a â € slate
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Franciscus Donders
conducted the first experiment; in mental chronometry
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Mental Chronometry
measuring how long a cognitive process takes
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Reaction-Time Experiment
measures the interval between stimulus presentation and the response to the stimulus
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variable, hard to verify, often debated
problems with introspection
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Ebbinghaus
studied forgetting; savings and forgetting curve
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William James
early US psychologist; taught 1st psychology course at Harvard
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Behaviorism
defines psychological research in terms of observable measures
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Edward Thorndike
studied instrumental conditioning
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John Watson
baby albert; behaviorist; regarded all mental phenomena as reducible to behavioral and physiological responses
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believed studying mental phenomena wasn’t possible
John Watson ___
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B.F. Skinner
argued that there should be an attempt to study mental phenomena
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Edward Tolman
accepted the idea of mental representations; believed that even rats have goals and expectations
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Cognitive Revolution
a movement in psychology culminating after WWII, belief in empiricism; rejected behaviorism
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Human Factors Engineering
focuses on the design of equipment and technology that are well suited to people’s cognitive capabilities
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Linguistics
focuses on the structure, use, and acquisition of language
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Neuroscience
the study of the brain-based underpinnings of psychological and behavioral functions
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Experiment
a test of a scientific theory in which the researcher manipulates the interdependent variable
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Clever Hans
a horse that appeared to be able to do math
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Scientific Method
the process of testing ideas about the world
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Descriptive Research
systematic and objective observation of people
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Naturalistic Observation
consists of an observer watching people in familiar everyday contexts going about their cognitive business
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Case History
a thorough observation and description of an individual usually in an unusual case
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Survey
study of the prevalence of beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through responses to questions
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limitations of descriptive research
may not predict future behavior, doesn’t uncover mechanisms behind behavior, you can’t control behavior to test specific questions
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Correlational Studies
a relationship between two variables in which the investigator has no control
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Experimental Studies
studies to show relationships between variables through manipulation and control
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Hindbrain
contains the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum
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Medulla
transmits information from the spinal cord to the brain and regulates life support functions such as respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heart rate
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Pons
acts as a neural relay center, facilitating the crossover of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain and vice versa; also involved in balance, sleep, arousal, and processing of visual and auditory information
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Cerebellum
contains neurons that coordinate muscular activity; one of the most primitive brain structures; governs balance and is involved in general motor behavior and coordination
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Midbrain
located in the middle of the brain
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Reticular Formation
helps to keep us awake and alert and is involved in arousal
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Forebrain
contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex
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Thalamus
relays information, especially to the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones; also controls eating, drinking, temperature control, sleeping, sexual behaviors, and emotional reactions
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Hippocampus
involved in the formation of long-term memories
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Amygdala
modulates the strength of emotional memories; involved in emotional learning
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Basal Ganglia
helps in the production of motor behavior
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Cerebral Cortex
the surface of the cerebrum containing both sensory and motor nerve cell bodies
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Frontal Lobe
located beneath the forehead; contains the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex
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Motor Cortex
directs fine motor movement
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Premotor Cortex
involved in planning movements
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Prefrontal Cortex
involved with executive functioning
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Executive Functioning
planning, making decisions, implementing strategies, inhibiting inappropriate behaviors, using working memory to process information
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Parietal Lobe
located at the top rear part of the head that contains the primary somatosensory cortex
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Somatosensory Cortex
contained in the postcentral gyrus; involved in the processing of sensory information from the body
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Occipital Lobe
located at the back of the head; involved in the processing of visual information
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Temporal Lobe
located on the side of the head; involved in processing auditory information and some aspects of memory
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Faculty Psychology
the theory that different mental abilities; such as reading and computation, are independent and autonomous functions carried out in different parts of the brain
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Phrenology
psychological strengths and weaknesses can be precisely correlated to the relative sizes of different brain areas
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Central Nervous System
consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
all nerves exiting the brain and the spinal cord; carries sensory and motor messages to and from the other parts of the body
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Neurons
cells that make up the brain and the nervous system
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Materialism
mind and brain have a casual relationship
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Sensory / Afferent Neurons
detects changes in external or internal environment; sends information about changes to the CNS
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Interneurons
neurons located entirely within the CNS
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Motor / Efferent Neurons
located within the CNS; controls contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland
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Dendrite
a bushy, branching extension of a neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses
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Cell Body / Soma
contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes
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Axon
the fiber of a neuron, the cell’s output structure, transmits nerve impulses
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Myelin Sheath
white fatty casing on an axon; acts as an electrical insulator; increases the speed of neural signals down the axon
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Terminal Button
the bud at the end of a branch of an axon; sends information to the next neuron; forms synapses with the neuron
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Synapse
junction between the terminal button and the membrane of another neuron
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Action Potential
electrical / chemical signal that axons convey information by; all-or-none
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Neurotransmitters
a chemical that is released by a terminal button; exhibitory or inhibitory
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Brain Plasticity
the brain’s ability to rewire itself
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Broca’s Aphasia
disruption of expressive language
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Wernicke’s Aphasia
ability to produce speech without meaning
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Ablation
removal of parts of the brain
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Lateralization
specialization of function of the two cerebral hemispheres
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Corpus Callosum
large neural structure that connects the two hemispheres
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reasoning, language, executive control
frontal lobe functions
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attention, objects in space, counting
parietal lobe functions
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audition, language, object recognition
temporal lobe functions
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vision
occipital lobe functions
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Sensation
the process by which important changes in the state of the world create changes in the state of the brain
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Perception
the process by which changes in the state of the brain give rise to our conscious experience of the world; using prior knowledge and experience to interpret and make sense of sensations
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the goal of senses
transforming a sensation into a signal that the brain can understand
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purpose of the visual system
transform light energy into a neural impulse
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the retina
light travels through the eye and focuses on ___
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three main layers of neural tissue in the retina
ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors
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What Pathway
travels from visual area to the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe
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Where Pathway
travels from visual area to the temporal lobe
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theory
sensation + ___ = perception
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Perception (2)
the process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting information