(27.2.3.4.5) Testis, Duct System, Accessory Glands & Semen

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Describe the structure and function of the Testes.

Lie within the scrotum

STRUCTURE

Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production) → which converves into a striaght tubule that conveys sperm into rete testis
Accessory sex glands:
- Seminal glands
- Prostate
- Bulbo-urethral glands

FUNCTION

Sperm-producing male gonads, delivered to body through system of ducts
Testosterone

<ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><span>Lie within the </span><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>scrotum</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four <span style="color: blue;"><span>seminiferous tubules</span></span> (site of sperm production) → which converves into a striaght tubule that conveys sperm into <span style="color: blue;">rete testis</span> </p></li><li><p>Accessory sex glands:</p><ul><li><p><span style="color: blue;"><span>Seminal glands</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue;"><span>Prostate</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue;"><span>Bulbo-urethral glands</span></span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Sperm-producing male gonads, delivered to body through system of ducts</p></li><li><p>Testosterone</p></li></ol><p></p>

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Describe the structure and function of the Scrotum

STRUCTURE

Sac of skin and superficial fasia

FUNCTION

Contains paired testes

<p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE </span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Sac of skin and superficial fasia </p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span> </span></strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Contains paired testes </p></li></ol><p></p>

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Explain the importance of location of Testes in the Scrotum.

3^oC lower than core body temperature → lower temperature is necessary for sperm production

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Pathway of Sperm until ejaculation

Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis → sperm are stored in the tail until ejaculation

<ol><li><p><strong>Seminiferous tubules </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Rete testis </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Efferent ductules </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Epididymis</strong> → sperm are stored in the tail until ejaculation </p></li></ol><p></p>

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Describe the structure and function of the Seminiferous tubules

STRUCTURE

Testes are divided into lobules containing one to four seminiferous tubules → each of which converges into a straight tubule that conveys sperm into the rete testis
Within the epithelial tissue are spermatogenic cells embedded in larger sustentocytes

FUNCTION

Site of sperm production

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Role of Smooth Muscle-like Myoid cells

Three to five layers, surround the seminiferous tubules

FUNCTION

May help move sperm and testicular fluid out of testes

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Role of Interstitial Endocrine Cells

Located in soft tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules

FUNCTION

Produce androgens (testosterone)
Secrete it into interstitial fluid

<ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><span>Located in </span><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>soft tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Produce androgens (<span style="color: red;"><strong><span>testosterone</span></strong></span>)</p></li><li><p>Secrete it into interstitial fluid</p></li></ol><p></p>

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Effect, Risk, and Treatment of Testicular Cancer

EFFECT
- Rare, but most common cancer in men age 15-35
- Signs: painless, solid mass in testis
RISK
- Having mumps that lead to orchitis (inflammation of testis)
- Cryptorchidism (non-descent of testes)
TREATMENT
- 90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy

<ul><li><p><strong>EFFECT </strong></p><ul><li><p>Rare, but most common cancer in men age 15-35 </p></li><li><p>Signs: painless, solid mass in testis </p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>RISK </strong></p><ul><li><p>Having mumps that lead to <strong>orchitis</strong> (inflammation of testis) </p></li><li><p><strong>Cryptorchidism</strong> (non-descent of testes) </p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>TREATMENT</strong></p><ul><li><p>90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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List Ducts responsible to carry Sperm to body exterior

Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

<ol><li><p><strong>Epididymis </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Ductus deferens </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Ejaculatory duct </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Urethra </strong></p></li></ol><p></p>

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Compare and contrast the roles of each part of the male reproductive duct system.

Epididymis

STRUCTURE
- Highly coiled tube
- Immature sperm from testis are moved slowly through the epididymis through fluids containing antimicrobial proteins and defesins
FUNCTION
1. Provides a place for immature sperm to mature and to be expelled during ejaculation
2. Sperm gain the ability to swim

Ductus deferens

Extends as part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis, through inguinal canal, into the pelvic cavity, where it passes over the bladder, and into the ejaculatory duct

Ejaculatory duct

Passes through prostate gland to join the urethra

Urethra

STRUCTURE
- Terminal portion of the male duct system
FUNCTION
1. Carries both urine and semen (@ DIFFERENT TIMES) to the exterior environment

<p><code>Epididymis</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong>STRUCTURE</strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Highly coiled tube</p></li><li><p>Immature sperm from testis are moved slowly through the epididymis through fluids containing <span style="color: blue;">antimicrobial proteins</span> and <span style="color: blue;">defesins</span> </p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="color: red;"><strong>FUNCTION </strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Provides a place for immature sperm to mature and to be expelled during ejaculation </p></li><li><p>Sperm gain the ability to swim </p></li></ol></li></ul><p><code>Ductus deferens</code></p><ul><li><p>Extends as part of the spermatic cord from the <strong>epididymis</strong>, through inguinal canal, into the pelvic cavity, where it passes over the bladder, and into the <strong>ejaculatory duct</strong> </p></li></ul><p><code>Ejaculatory duct</code></p><ul><li><p>Passes through prostate gland to join the <strong>urethra</strong> </p></li></ul><p><code>Urethra</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Terminal portion of the male duct system </p></li></ul></li><li><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION </span></strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Carries both urine and semen (@ DIFFERENT TIMES) to the exterior environment </p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>

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Structure and Function of Urethra

STRUCTURE

Three regions:
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Spongy urethra

FUNCTION

Conveys both urine and semen (@ DIFFERENT TIMES)

<p><span style="color: blue;"><strong>STRUCTURE</strong></span><span style="color: red;"><strong> </strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Three regions: </p><ol><li><p><span style="color: blue;">Prostatic urethra </span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue;">Membranous urethra </span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: blue;">Spongy urethra </span></p></li></ol></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong>FUNCTION</strong></span></p><ol><li><p>Conveys both urine and semen (@ DIFFERENT TIMES)</p></li></ol><p></p>

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List Male Accessory Sex glands

Seminal glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral glands

<ol><li><p><strong><span>Seminal glands</span></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Prostate</span></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Bulbo-urethral glands</span></strong></p></li></ol><p></p>

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Describe the location, structure, and function of the Seminal Glands

Male Accessory Sex glands (1/3)

Posterior bladder surface

STRUCTURE

Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

FUNCTION

Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
1. Fructose, citric acid, and prostaglandins
2. Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light
3. Comprises 70% volume of semen

<p><code>Male Accessory Sex glands (1/3)</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>Posterior bladder surface</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Duct of <span style="color: blue;"><span>seminal gland</span></span> joins <span style="color: blue;"><span>ductus deferens</span></span> to form <span style="color: blue;"><span>ejaculatory duct</span></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid</p><ol><li><p>Fructose, citric acid, and prostaglandins</p></li><li><p>Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light</p></li><li><p>Comprises 70% volume of semen</p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe the location, structure, and function of the Prostate

Male Accessory Sex glands (2/3)

Encircles urethra inferior to bladder

STRUCTURE

Size of a peach pit
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

FUNCTION

Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
1. Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
2. Plays a role in sperm activation
3. Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

<p><code>Male Accessory Sex glands (2/3)</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>Encircles urethra inferior to bladder</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Size of a peach pit</p></li><li><p>Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation</p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid</p><ol><li><p>Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)</p></li><li><p>Plays a role in sperm activation</p></li><li><p>Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation</p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>

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Diagnosing and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

DIAGNOSING
- Digital exam screening
- PSA levels
- Biopsy if abnormal
TREATMENT
- With surgery and sometimes radiation
- Castration
- Drugs
- In clinical trails → Cryosurgery, chemotherapy, ultrasound

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Describe the location, structure, and function of the Bulbo-Urethral Glands

Male Accessory Sex glands (2/3)

STRUCTURE

Size of a peach pit
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

FUNCTION

Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
1. Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra

<p><code>Male Accessory Sex glands (2/3)</code></p><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Size of a peach pit</p></li><li><p>Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation</p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal</p><ol><li><p>Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra</p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>

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Compare the roles of the Male Accessory Sex Glands.

Seminal Glands

Posterior bladder surface

STRUCTURE

Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

FUNCTION

Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
1. Fructose, citric acid, and prostaglandins
2. Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light
3. Comprises 70% volume of semen

Prostate

Encircles urethra inferior to bladder

STRUCTURE

Size of a peach pit
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

FUNCTION

Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
1. Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
2. Plays a role in sperm activation
3. Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

Bulbo-Urethral Glands

STRUCTURE

Size of a peach pit
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

FUNCTION

Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
1. Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra

<p><code>Seminal Glands</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>Posterior bladder surface</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Duct of <span style="color: blue;"><span>seminal gland</span></span> joins <span style="color: blue;"><span>ductus deferens</span></span> to form <span style="color: blue;"><span>ejaculatory duct</span></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid</p><ol><li><p>Fructose, citric acid, and prostaglandins</p></li><li><p>Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light</p></li><li><p>Comprises 70% volume of semen</p></li></ol></li></ul><p><code>Prostate</code></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: purple;"><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"><span>Encircles urethra inferior to bladder</span></mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Size of a peach pit</p></li><li><p>Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation</p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid</p><ol><li><p>Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)</p></li><li><p>Plays a role in sperm activation</p></li><li><p>Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation</p></li></ol></li></ul><p><code>Bulbo-Urethral Glands</code></p><p><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span>STRUCTURE</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Size of a peach pit</p></li><li><p>Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation</p></li></ul><p><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>FUNCTION</span></strong></span></p><ul><li><p>Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal</p><ol><li><p>Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra</p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>

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Discuss the sources and functions of semen.

SOURCES

Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
2-4 ml semen are ejaculated containing 20-150 million sperm/ml

STRUCTURE

Contains fructose for ATP production, protects and activates sperm, and facilities sperm movement
Contains prostaglandins that decreases viscosity of mucus in cervix and stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus
Contains the hormone relaxin and other enzymes that enhance sperm motility

FUNCTIONS

Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina enhances motility
Contains ATP for energy
Can suppress female immune response
Antibiotic chemicals destroy some bacteria

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Correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes?

Seminiferous tubule → Rete testis → Efferent ductules → Epididymis → Ductus deferens

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If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place?

→ Passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

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Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord?

→ Testicular arteries and veins, associated nerves, lymphatics, and the ductus deferens

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Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?

→ Prepuce (foreskin)

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Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?

A.) ductus (vas) deferens

B.) seminal gland

C.) bulbo-urethral gland

D.) prostate

→ C.) bulbo-urethral gland

Fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutralize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra.