Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Sex
Pertains to the physical aspect of the human body
Sex of an indiviual
Is determined by their respective reproductive organs and hormones, the biological spectrum of the individual.
Gender
Is “psychological,” “social,” or “cultural.”
Gender
Is thus “socially constructed”
Gender
Comes from the Latin word genus, meaning kind or race
Genus
Meaning kind or race
Sex
From the Latin word sexus, is defined by the gonads, or potential gonads, either phenotypically or genotypically
Sexus
Latin word for sex
Gender
Refers to socially learned behavior and expectations that distinguish between masculinity and femininity.
Functionalism Perspective
Emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts.
Conflict Perspective
Argues that society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources.
Symbolic Interactionist
Aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction.
Functionalist Perspective
Explores the “what oath to be” of a particular individual.
Functionalist Perspective
Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
functional and dysfunctional
Functionalists use the terms _____ to describe the effects of social elements on society
functional
Elements of society are _____ if they contribute to social stability
dysfunctional
_____ if they disrupt social stability
Manifest
Latent
Sociologists have identified two types of functions
Manifest Functions
Are consequences that are intended and commonly recognized
Latent Functions
Are consequences that are unintended and often hidden
The Feminist Movement
Takes the position that functionalism neglects the suppression of women within the family structure.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The origins of the conflict perspective can be traced to the classic works of
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Industrialization leads to the development of two classes of people
Bourgeoisie
The owners of the means of production
Proletariat
The workers who earn wages
Social Problems
Are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups
Friedrich Engels
Discusses that the same owner-worker relationship seen in the labor force is also seen in the household, with women assuming the role of the proletariat.
Gay
Once meant “cheerful,” but by the 1960s it carried the primary meaning of “homosexual.”
Gay
In transition, it was even known to mean “careless” or “bright and showing”
West and Zimmerman (1987).
When people perform tasks, or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender. This notion is based on the work of _____
Doing Gender
Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.
social interaction
Symbolic interactionism also suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by _____.
looking glass self
By observing how others view us, we see a reflection ourselves that Cooley calls the _____
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Sometimes called the interactionist perspective, or simply the micro view
Hormones
Play a huge role in gender differences and the DNA is one of the main predictors of behavior as men and women
brain structures
Men and women have different _____
Women
Have evolved to be the carriers of children
Men
Have evolved to be the providers for their families
Women
Have predetermined characteristics like being more caring, protective and loyal
Men
Have predetermined characteristics like being more aggressive, competitive and dominant
DNA
The fundamental cause of our gender differences is our genetic makeup, more specifically, the _____ found in our two 23rd chromosomes - the chromosomes that dictate which sex we are.
Gender Identity
Defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither)
Gender Role
Refers to the outward expression of gender identity based on cultural and social expectations
Gender Development
Means the maturation of gender identity
Testosterone
Largely male hormone
Estrogen
Largely female hormone
Newborn Girls
Were more interested in faces
Newborn Boys
Were more excited by mechanical items
23
Humans typically have _____ pairs of chromosomes
Zygote
The name given to an egg that has just been fertilized
boy
If the sperm that fertilized the ovum is carrying a Y chromosome, then the zygote will contain both an X and a Y chromosome and the baby will be a _____
girl
If the sperm carried an X chromosome, then the zygote will have two X chromosomes (XX) and become a _____
Embryo
The name given to a zygote that has started to develop
all men were once women
This idea that both males and females start off with the same sex organs is where the common 'fact' that _____ comes from.
gender identity
An individual's personal sense of maleness or femaleness is his or her _____
gender role
Outward expression of gender identity, according to cultural and social expectations, is a _____
4
Gender identity appears to form very early in life and is most likely irreversible by age _____
Gender Socialization
The process whereby a child learns the norms and roles that society has created for his or her gender, plays a significant role in the establishment of her or his sense of femaleness or maleness.
Gender Roles
Are both cultural and personal.
Gender Roles
These roles determine how males and females think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society
Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychological development
Explained that children satisfy their basic biological motivations which were discovered through a treatment
Psychoanalysis
The examining of the unconscious
Psychoanalysis
Was the first comprehensive personality theory that attempted to explain the origins of what we now call gender
Id
Ego
Superego
Primary aspects of the psychoanalytic theory
Id
Basic instincts such as, hunger, desires and aggression/personality
Ego
Reality testing and rationalization/psychological
Superego
Conscience, moral judgment/social
erogenous zone
The stages of psychosexual development were developed and based upon an _____
First Stage: Oral Stage
Second Stage: Anal Stage
Third Stage: Phallic Stage
Stages of psychosexual development
oral stage
The first stage called the _____ takes place between birth and two years old where pleasure and self-gratification is centered on the mouth through the erotic, rooting energy of sucking
Anal Stage
The child must learn to control the id and meet the demand of society and parents by becoming toilet trained.
phallic stage
Sexual identity is formed in the third early stage called the _____
phallic stage
According to Freud, gender role development occurs during this stage at about five or six years old where identification takes place with the same sex parent.
phallic stage
It is during this stage that patterns were seen in males and were considered the norm, yet female patterns were somehow deviant.
Oedipal Conflict
It is at this age when castration anxiety creates fear resulting in _____.
phallic stage
During this stage, the child’s libido is focused on his or her genitals.
Oedipus complex
Boys experience the _____ and identify with their father and take on a male gender role
Electra complex
Girls experience the ______ and identify with their mother and take on a female gender role.
Social Learning Theory
Was proposed by Bandura as a way of explaining how children acquire their gender identity based on the influence of other people
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
Four stages that a child goes through when develop gender behavior
Attention
This is merely where the behavior is noticed and observed.
Memory
This is when the behavior is memorized and committed to memory.
Imitation
The behavior is performed or 'reproduced' based on Imitating what they see around them.
Motivation
Their behavior is based on the desired consequences or what will be gained by the behavior, either immediately or in the near future.
outward motivational factors
Social Learning theory is based on
Cognitive Developmental Theory
This theory gives importance to the internal states of the person as well as the environmental events; however, it is the thinking and perception that is the key factor.
Cognitive Developmental Theory
The theory proposes the interaction of mental schema and social experience in directing gender role behavior.
Cognitive Learning
States that children develop gender at their own levels
Kohlberg
The model, formulated by _____, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven
Gender Identity
Children develop a concept of what sex category they belong to
Gender Consistency
Children realize that their gender and that of other do not change with age, dress, or behavior appropriate female or male activities identified and imitated