Studied by 27 people
What are teratogens and are they more nature or nurture?
AKA “monster makers agents” they are chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. They are more nurture because the impact is directly determined by the pregnant mother’s decisions as well as external factors like polluted air.
How does imprinting indicate there is a critical period of development?
Imprinting indicates a critical period because imprinting only occurs during the critical period.
How will a toddler with a secure attachment style react differently to a toddler with an insecure attachment style when left with a new caregiver for the first time?
The toddler with secure attachment style will experience temporary discomfort, but will be content when the mother returns and will happily play with the stranger. The toddler with an insecure attachment style will experience high levels of anxiety, will not interact with the stranger, and may still be upset when the mother returns.
Secure attachment as an infant indicates what during toddler years?
A sense of “basic trust” (sense that the world is predictable and reliable)
In order to experience separation anxiety, an infant needs to have developed what?
An infant needs to have developed a sense of object permanence-the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. (basically if they don’t have object permanence then they don’t know that their caregiver still exists even when they’re gone, so they can’t feel anxious)
Explain the Babinski effect and the rooting reflex
Babinski effect- a neurological reflex observed in infants. When the sole of the infant's foot is gently stroked along the outer edge of the foot, the toes flare outward, and the big toe moves upward. (normal in infants and young children up to a certain age)
Rooting reflex- a survival reflex that helps babies find their mother's breast or a bottle to initiate feeding. When infant's cheek or mouth is lightly touched or stroked, the baby will turn their head toward the stimulus and make sucking motions.
The way newborns focus on pictures of typical faces rather than jumbled faces indicates what?
It indicates early social recognition and how newborns are sensitive to facial features and patterns from birth.
What are Harry Harlow’s experiments and what did they conclude?
His experiment consisted of giving baby monkeys a fake mother- one made of wire with food and one made of cloth that was warm and soft. The monkeys preferred the cloth one because it provided more comfort/security to them
What is authoritative parenting?
Parents are confronting, demanding, responsive. They set rules, but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions. Ex: parents let you have your phone at night on the weekend, but take it away on weekday so you can sleep early
What is authoritarian parenting?
Parent impose rules and expect obedience. Low emotional expression. Ex: parents never let you go anywhere outside of the house.
What is permissive parenting?
Parents make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment. Ex: parents let you hangout with whoever you want and whenever without supervision.
Which parenting style creates the most well-adjusted and socially competent?
authoritative parenting
What’s a scenario in which a child who does not understand conservation gets confused?
Show child two glasses of water one taller and one shorter. Both have the same amount of water, but the child thinks the taller one has more water because of its tall appearance.
What’s a scenario where a child who does not possess theory of mind is confused?
There are two cabinets next to each other. Sarah sees you put a ball inside the left cabinet. You ask Sarah what cabinet she thinks a classmate will look in to find the ball and she immediately says “Left, because the ball is in there”.
What does temperament mean when dealing with children according to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?
They defined temperament as the individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity observed in early childhood. They categorized temperament into easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm up.
What are Jean Piaget’s stages of development and their cognitive milestones?
sensorimotor stage (birth-2): infants know world in terms of their sensory impressions + motor activities, learn object permanence
preoperational stage (2-7): child learns to use language, doesn’t comprehend concrete logic. They learn conservation, pretend play, experience egocentrism, and theory of mind.
concrete operational stage (7-11): children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (problem solving)
formal operations stage (12): people think logically about abstract concepts
What’s an example where a child is using assimilation?
A child calls every four-legged animal a dog because they have a simple schema for “dog”.
Example of accommodation?
Child learns that the term “dog”’ is too broad for just any four-legged creature because they found out about cats. Child accommodates by refining the category of dog.
What is Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?
range of activities that a learner cannot yet perform independently but can accomplish with the help of a more knowledgeable person, typically a teacher. (their abilities without or with help)
What are primary sex characteristics?
Things like testes, vagina, ovary tubes, uterus, penis hehe yadda yadda uwu
What has been the major difference between men and women in behavior?
Women are more inclined to participate in relational aggression, but men are more inclined to participate in overt and physical aggression. Also a woman’s brain enables social relationships, while men have less intimate social relationships.
Why did gender stereotypes develop?
Individuals were socialized into gender roles through interactions with family, peers, other societal influences, culture. This causes them to learn “appropriate” behavior and contribute to stereotypes. Observed biological differences and also social media contribute.
What is androgyny and what are the benefits?
Androgyny is displaying both female and male psychological characteristics. People who are androgynous are able to adapt to situations better, have more communication styles, have a better overall well-being.
What have twin studies shown about homosexuality?
Basically identical twins are more likely to both be gay as hell or straight asl possibly because of genetics (shared environment also influences this however)
What are the factors that most likely influence sexual orientation?
1/3 due to nature (genetics)- if there are environmental factors then they are not discovered
What is Erik Erikson’s theory of development? (you only need to know which one is for adolescents and which one is for elderly)
trust vs. mistrust (0-1): develop or does not develop trust in caregiver.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-2):toddlers who explore and do things on their own will develop autonomy, those who are overly restricted will feel shame and doubt (lack of independence).
initiative vs. guilt (3-5): children start to take initiative and explore their environment, criticism and restriction can lead to guilt.
industry vs. inferiority (6-12): children engage in learning tasks and social activities, success and positive feedback lead to sense of industry, while failure can lead to feelings of inferiority.
identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence, 12-18): adolescents explore and develop a sense of identity, formation of a stable self-concept/beliefs. They might feel like they don’t know who they are.
intimacy vs. isolation (18-40): forming close, meaningful relationships (romantic and friendships).
generativity vs. stagnation (40-65 years): contributing to family and/or society, finding a purpose.
integrity vs. despair (elderly, 65+ years): elderly reflect on their life and feel regret or contentment with their life choices.
What type of intelligence declines as a person gets older and what are the difficulties this can cause?
Fluid intelligence declines. Elderly are no longer able to multi task, learn new info quickly, process things quickly, and remember clearly.
What occurs with most married couples when their children have grown up and moved out?
They experience the “empty nest” phenomenon. Couples may feel like they are lonely and have a hard time adjusting without their children. However, they may also rediscover themselves and their old hobbies.
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development and the typical ages assoc. with them? bro the age is never mentioned on the notes and google and chat gpt are vague
preconventional morality (0-9): right/wrong determined by punishments and rewards
conventional morality (adolescents-20): view of others matter, avoidance of blame and seeking approval
post conventional morality (much older adults): abstract notions of justice, rights of other can overrule obedience to laws/rules
What is wrong with Kohlberg’s theory according to Giligan?
argued that Kohlberg's theory, which was based on research primarily involving male participants, did not fully capture the diversity of moral perspectives, particularly those of women.
What Erickson stage is a 9 yr old most likely going through?
Industry vs inferiority. They may experience troubles at school regarding social and academic subjects
Note 
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