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What is the purpose using anatomical terms?
To use the same language across a field
What is anatomical position?
When the person stands erect with feet together, eyes forward, and palms facing anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body
What are the two regional terms of the body, and what do they include?
Axial - the main axis of the body; Appendicular - the limbs
When referencing anatomical terms, is there a common direction?
No, everything has a relative position to something else
What does directional terminology refer to?
The body in anatomical position
What does superior mean?
Towards the head or upper part of the body
What is an example of the term superior?
The head is superior to the abdomen
What does inferior mean?
Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
What is an example of the term inferior?
The navel is inferior to the chin
What does the term anterior mean?
Toward the front of the body, forward from the midline
What is an example of the term anterior?
The breastbone is anterior to the spine
What does the term posterior mean?
Toward the back of the body
What is an example of the term posterior?
The heart is posterior to the breastbone
What does medial mean?
Toward the midline of the body
What is an example of the term medial?
The heart is medial to the arm
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline of the body
What is an example of the term lateral?
The arms are lateral to the chest
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
What is an example of the term proximal?
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
What does distal mean?
Farther away from the point attachment of a limb to the body trunk
What is an example of the term distal?
The knee is distal to the thigh
What does superficial mean?
Toward or at the body surface, more external
What is an example of the term superficial?
The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
What does deep mean?
Away from the body surface, more internal
What is an example of the term deep?
The lungs are deep to the skin
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side of the body
What is an example of the term ipsilateral?
The right hand and right foot are ipsilateral
What does contralateral mean?
On opposite sides of the body
What is an example of the term contralateral?
The right hand and left foot are contralateral
What does the term cephalic mean?
Anything that refers to the head
What does the term cervical mean?
Anything that refers to the neck
What does the term thoracic mean?
Things that pertain to the chest
What does the term abdominal mean?
Things that pertain to the abdomen, encompasses the area around the kidneys and intestines
What does the term pelvic mean?
Things that are encompassed within the part of the body that connects the trunk to the legs
What does the term pubic mean?
The central part of the body, the groin area near the pubes and the pubis
What does the term upper limb mean?
Contains the upper portions of the arm
What does the term manus mean?
The wrist and the hand
What does the term lower limb refer to?
Includes many important elements of the body, such as the coxal, femoral, and fibular.
What does the term pedal mean?
The foot
In the posterior portion of the body, what encompasses the upper limb?
Anything that is above the wrist
In the posterior portion, what does the hand encompass?
Metacarpal and digital
In the posterior portion, what does the lower limb encompass?
Anything that is below the hip crease
What does the pedal in the posterior portion encompass?
It encompasses the foot
What is the cephalic in the posterior portion of the body?
It refers to the back of the head
What is the cervical in the posterior portion of the body?
It refers to the back of the neck
What is the dorsal in the posterior portion of the body?
It is the back of the body
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
It lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
What is the sagittal plane?
It lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides
What is the median (midsagittal) plane?
A specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
What is the transverse plane?
It runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior body parts
What are oblique sections through the trunk?
They are planes that cut in rotational directions at angles
What is the dorsal cavity comprised of?
The cranial and vertebral cavities
What does the cranial cavity contain?
Brain
What does the vertebral cavity contain?
Spinal cord
What is the ventral body cavity comprised of?
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, which are in front of the spine
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
heart and lungs
Other than the heart and lungs, what other structures does the thoracic cavity contain?
Superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Digestive viscera
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
When looking at the human body straight on, what are the four quadrants from top to bottom and left to right?
right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants
When looking at the human body straight on, what are the nine regions from top to bottom and left to right?
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac
What is goniometry?
The science and technique of measuring angles
Why should we measure using a goniometer?
To find restrictions, pathologies, and impairment. Also, to establish a diagnosis, and to document improvement
What is the body of a goniometer?
It is the circle portion of the instrument that connects one side of both the moving and stationary arm
What is the fulcrum of the goniometer?
It is located in the body and at the center of the instrument. It is placed over the joint that is being measured, and is a screw like device that allows the moving arm to move freely
How is the body of the goniometer designed?
Like a protractor, meaning that a full circle equals 360 degrees and a half circle equals 180 degrees
What is the moving arm of the goniometer?
It aligns with the mobile part of the joint that is being measured
What is the stationary arm of the goniometer?
It aligns with the inactive part of the joint that is being measured and located near the proximal bone
How is the goniometer measured?
By degrees in the rate of motion (ROM), meaning that the movement of the distal segment on proximal segment
When using a goniometer, what starting position in degrees encompasses anatomical position?
0 degrees
What does active and passive movement refer to?
Active means when a person moves a body part by themselves, while passive means that another person moves their body part
What is osteokinematics?
It is also called bone motion, which is relative motion determined by the excursion on one shaft of bone relative to another (or to the ground)
What is arthrokinematics?
It is also called joint motion, which describes the movement of the joint surfaces that are necessary for joint motion.
What movements are encompassed within arthokinematics?
Slides/glides (translational motion) and spins/rolls (rotary motion), which are all based on concave/convex rules
When using a goniometer, what best describes the movement?
Planar
What kind of movements occur within the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
What kind of movements occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction (raising arms up) and adduction (raising arms down)
What kind of movements occur in the transverse plane?
Rotation
What are functional tasks when referencing planes and axes?
Multi-joint, multi-planar
What is the range of motion (ROM)?
Total amount of motion that is available at a joint
What is the ROM for shoulder flexion?
180 degrees
What is the ROM for shoulder abduction?
180 degrees
What is the ROM for elbow flexion?
145 degrees
What is the ROM for knee flexion?
135 degrees
What is active ROM?
Using the musculature, the person moves the joint through the arc as far as possible; it helps to determine the willingness to move, muscle strength, and coordination
What is passive ROM?
The excursion or arc of the joint when the person is relaxed; it gives information about the integrity of the joint, and it is generally more than active ROM
What is the "end feel"?
The characteristic "feel" that limits the ROM; it can be normal (soft tissues approximation, ligamentous, and bony) or abnormal (usually associated with pain)
What are contraindications to ROM Test?
Dislocation or unhealed fracture and it can occur immediately after surgery with unhealed tissues
What is intra-rater reliability?
It determines how well the same person can take a measurement, time and time again
What is antomy?
The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
What is physiology?
How the body parts function to perform life-sustaining activities also known as physiological processes
What is the saying referencing both function and structure?
Function always reflects structure
From least to greatest, what are the levels of structural organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
What is gross anatomy?
The study of structures that can be seen without a microscope
What is the integumentary system and what is its function?
Skin and its appendages, including hair and nails. It provides protection and external support, maintains water, and cools the body, it is the largest human body system
What is the skeletal system?
It provides internal support and produces blood cells
What is the muscular system?
It is involved in human movement and it produces body heat
What is the nervous system?
It controls the muscular system and it is involved in the processes of learning and memorization
What is the endocrine system?
It uses hormonal secretions for chemical regulation
What is the cardiovascular system?
It encompasses the blood, heart, arteries, and veins
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