Kinesiology Exam Two

What is the purpose using anatomical terms?

To use the same language across a field

What is anatomical position?

When the person stands erect with feet together, eyes forward, and palms facing anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body

What are the two regional terms of the body, and what do they include?

Axial - the main axis of the body; Appendicular - the limbs

When referencing anatomical terms, is there a common direction?

No, everything has a relative position to something else

What does directional terminology refer to?

The body in anatomical position

What does superior mean?

Towards the head or upper part of the body

What is an example of the term superior?

The head is superior to the abdomen

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body

What is an example of the term inferior?

The navel is inferior to the chin

What does the term anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body, forward from the midline

What is an example of the term anterior?

The breastbone is anterior to the spine

What does the term posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body

What is an example of the term posterior?

The heart is posterior to the breastbone

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body

What is an example of the term medial?

The heart is medial to the arm

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body

What is an example of the term lateral?

The arms are lateral to the chest

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

What is an example of the term proximal?

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

What does distal mean?

Farther away from the point attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What is an example of the term distal?

The knee is distal to the thigh

What does superficial mean?

Toward or at the body surface, more external

What is an example of the term superficial?

The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

What does deep mean?

Away from the body surface, more internal

What is an example of the term deep?

The lungs are deep to the skin

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body

What is an example of the term ipsilateral?

The right hand and right foot are ipsilateral

What does contralateral mean?

On opposite sides of the body

What is an example of the term contralateral?

The right hand and left foot are contralateral

What does the term cephalic mean?

Anything that refers to the head

What does the term cervical mean?

Anything that refers to the neck

What does the term thoracic mean?

Things that pertain to the chest

What does the term abdominal mean?

Things that pertain to the abdomen, encompasses the area around the kidneys and intestines

What does the term pelvic mean?

Things that are encompassed within the part of the body that connects the trunk to the legs

What does the term pubic mean?

The central part of the body, the groin area near the pubes and the pubis

What does the term upper limb mean?

Contains the upper portions of the arm

What does the term manus mean?

The wrist and the hand

What does the term lower limb refer to?

Includes many important elements of the body, such as the coxal, femoral, and fibular.

What does the term pedal mean?

The foot

In the posterior portion of the body, what encompasses the upper limb?

Anything that is above the wrist

In the posterior portion, what does the hand encompass?

Metacarpal and digital

In the posterior portion, what does the lower limb encompass?

Anything that is below the hip crease

What does the pedal in the posterior portion encompass?

It encompasses the foot

What is the cephalic in the posterior portion of the body?

It refers to the back of the head

What is the cervical in the posterior portion of the body?

It refers to the back of the neck

What is the dorsal in the posterior portion of the body?

It is the back of the body

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

It lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

What is the sagittal plane?

It lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides

What is the median (midsagittal) plane?

A specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

What is the transverse plane?

It runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior body parts

What are oblique sections through the trunk?

They are planes that cut in rotational directions at angles

What is the dorsal cavity comprised of?

The cranial and vertebral cavities

What does the cranial cavity contain?

Brain

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

Spinal cord

What is the ventral body cavity comprised of?

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, which are in front of the spine

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

heart and lungs

Other than the heart and lungs, what other structures does the thoracic cavity contain?

Superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Digestive viscera

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

Bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

When looking at the human body straight on, what are the four quadrants from top to bottom and left to right?

right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants

When looking at the human body straight on, what are the nine regions from top to bottom and left to right?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac

What is goniometry?

The science and technique of measuring angles

Why should we measure using a goniometer?

To find restrictions, pathologies, and impairment. Also, to establish a diagnosis, and to document improvement

What is the body of a goniometer?

It is the circle portion of the instrument that connects one side of both the moving and stationary arm

What is the fulcrum of the goniometer?

It is located in the body and at the center of the instrument. It is placed over the joint that is being measured, and is a screw like device that allows the moving arm to move freely

How is the body of the goniometer designed?

Like a protractor, meaning that a full circle equals 360 degrees and a half circle equals 180 degrees

What is the moving arm of the goniometer?

It aligns with the mobile part of the joint that is being measured

What is the stationary arm of the goniometer?

It aligns with the inactive part of the joint that is being measured and located near the proximal bone

How is the goniometer measured?

By degrees in the rate of motion (ROM), meaning that the movement of the distal segment on proximal segment

When using a goniometer, what starting position in degrees encompasses anatomical position?

0 degrees

What does active and passive movement refer to?

Active means when a person moves a body part by themselves, while passive means that another person moves their body part

What is osteokinematics?

It is also called bone motion, which is relative motion determined by the excursion on one shaft of bone relative to another (or to the ground)

What is arthrokinematics?

It is also called joint motion, which describes the movement of the joint surfaces that are necessary for joint motion.

What movements are encompassed within arthokinematics?

Slides/glides (translational motion) and spins/rolls (rotary motion), which are all based on concave/convex rules

When using a goniometer, what best describes the movement?

Planar

What kind of movements occur within the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension

What kind of movements occur in the frontal plane?

Abduction (raising arms up) and adduction (raising arms down)

What kind of movements occur in the transverse plane?

Rotation

What are functional tasks when referencing planes and axes?

Multi-joint, multi-planar

What is the range of motion (ROM)?

Total amount of motion that is available at a joint

What is the ROM for shoulder flexion?

180 degrees

What is the ROM for shoulder abduction?

180 degrees

What is the ROM for elbow flexion?

145 degrees

What is the ROM for knee flexion?

135 degrees

What is active ROM?

Using the musculature, the person moves the joint through the arc as far as possible; it helps to determine the willingness to move, muscle strength, and coordination

What is passive ROM?

The excursion or arc of the joint when the person is relaxed; it gives information about the integrity of the joint, and it is generally more than active ROM

What is the "end feel"?

The characteristic "feel" that limits the ROM; it can be normal (soft tissues approximation, ligamentous, and bony) or abnormal (usually associated with pain)

What are contraindications to ROM Test?

Dislocation or unhealed fracture and it can occur immediately after surgery with unhealed tissues

What is intra-rater reliability?

It determines how well the same person can take a measurement, time and time again

What is antomy?

The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

What is physiology?

How the body parts function to perform life-sustaining activities also known as physiological processes

What is the saying referencing both function and structure?

Function always reflects structure

From least to greatest, what are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

What is gross anatomy?

The study of structures that can be seen without a microscope

What is the integumentary system and what is its function?

Skin and its appendages, including hair and nails. It provides protection and external support, maintains water, and cools the body, it is the largest human body system

What is the skeletal system?

It provides internal support and produces blood cells

What is the muscular system?

It is involved in human movement and it produces body heat

What is the nervous system?

It controls the muscular system and it is involved in the processes of learning and memorization

What is the endocrine system?

It uses hormonal secretions for chemical regulation

What is the cardiovascular system?

It encompasses the blood, heart, arteries, and veins