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Analingus
“rimming”/ oral anal sex that involves using the mouth and tongue to orally stimulate a partner’s anus and surrounding area
Cunnilingus
oral stimulation of the vulva
Erotic fantasy
commonly occur during daydreams, masturbation, or sexual encounters with a partner, many functions (pleasure, arousal, expression of the forbidden
Tribadism
a sexual practice where one partner rubs their vulva against another's body for stimulation.
Fellatio
oral stimulation of the penis
Lochia
bloody discharge; vaginal discharge after giving birth and is a normal part of the postpartum healing process
Colostrum
thin, watery fluid rich in proteins, low in sugars and that is high in infection-fighting antibodies
Breasts produce colostrum (between birth and the beginning of milk production)
Lactation
breasts or mammary glands form, secrete and eject milk
Starts 1-3 days after birth
Postpartum
after the delivery of the baby; delivery of the placenta
the uterus begins to return to its original size
After Birth
Physical adjustments to the host’s body include:
Uterus shrinking back to normal size
Bloody discharge called lochia form re-growth of uterine lining
Those who had an episiotomy or c section will need to heal
Sleep deprivation heightens stress
15% experience postpartum depression and should get medical help promptly
Vernix
white waxy substance that coats and protects the skin of the fetus
Fetus is covered by vernix
ECTOPARASITE
Organisms that live on outer surfaces of animals
Transmitted by direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact or by sharing infected clothing/towels
Hypogonadism
low -functioning of ovaries and testes
Which neurotransmitter is important for love within the first 12-18 months?
serotonin
What is a vasectomy?
Sterilization; surgical cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens
Less popular, but is simpler, faster, more effective, less expensive, and safer than tubal sterilization
incision/ no incision
Tubes tired off or clips inserted
Episiotomy, what is it?
Surgical incision made in the perineum, the tissue between the vagina and anus, to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth
Do medications mess with contraceptives?
Certain medications can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills
Tell every physician who gives you medication that you are taking oral contraceptives
Use a backup method, such as foam or condoms, when you use any of the following medications/ herbal remedies
Barbitaratues, ampicillin, tetracycline, tegretol, dilantin, rifapin, phenylbutazone, st. john’s wort
Anal Intercourse, how to have it safely.
Anal sex: insertion of penus into partner’s anus
Lubricants and gentle technique are needed
Health risk (HIV and other infections
Use non-irritating lubricant and gentle penetration
Inserting partner need to keep penis or object tilted to in direction of colon
toys/objects used have larger base
Use only one condom
Never have vaginal intercourse directly after anal sex
Vaginitis, what can cause it?
Gardnella
Correct development stages of conception.
Zygote Morula, Blastocyst, Fetus
Dopamine
affect mood, motivation, attention, and excitement
Brain chemical that contributes to sexual arousal and feelings of being in love
Strong link bewteen feelings of being in love and release of neurotransmitters and other brain chemicals such as dopamine
Endorphins
morphine-like, pain-blunting chemicals help produce a sense of euphoria, security, tranquility, and peace
progression from infatuation to deep attachment of long-term loving relationships result in part from increased production of set of neurotransmitters called endorphins
Cause us to feel good when we are with a loved partner
Serotonin
chemical messenger that affects many psychological functions in the body
Affects mood, obsession, sex and sleep
Levels of serotonin decrease during infatuations may be associated with obsession feelings
Depression & ocd associated with low levels of serotonin
Levels of this neurotransmitter decrease during infatuation and levels go back up 12-18 months later supporting idea that passionate love generally lasts 12-18 months
Phenylethylamine
love drug; hormone-like substance in the brain thats associated with feelings of love, attraction, and euphoria
High of new love with excitement and giddiness of passionate love due to 3 key brain chemicals/ neurotrasmitters (PEA)
Love drug is released during infatuation and excitement and can icnrease dopamine and norepinephrine levels
High levels associated with love and orgasm
Oxytocin
brain chemical that contribute to sexual arousal and feelings of being in love
LOVE HORMONE
It is released from the pituitary gland
Hormone involved in uterine contractions, love, and bonding between lovers, family, parental
Decreases coritsol levels (stress)
Orgasm increases level
Sexual fluidity, Lisa Diamond
Lisa Diamond coined the term “sexual fluidity” followed multiple women(79) ages 18-24 and results that ⅔ were not consistent with their sexual identity of being lesbian, bi, unlabeled
Sexual fluidity: variability in same-sex and other-sex attraction and involvement at different times and different situations throughout the life span; more common with women/young people
placenta- what it does and what it is for
Disk shaped temporary organ attached to the wall of uterus to nourish the fetus during pregnancy •
Fetus depends on the placenta for delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and elimination of waste, CO2 •
Continues to grow during each trimester •
Fetus is attached to the placenta by umbilical cord - fetal blood circulates independently within fetus & placenta
Host blood flows in the uterine walls and through outer part of the placenta
infertility in men and women
Failure to ovulate regularly
Having a variocele in a testicle or in the vas deferens can cause blood to pool to in the scrotum elevating the temperature and hindering sperm production
Having mumps as an adult male can affect the testes lowering sperm count
An invasive chlamydia infection in women can block the passage of eggs and sperm and causes infertility in men as well
Advanced age
Structural problems: abnormal shaped uterus and uterine growths such as fibroid tumors
Other causes: people with clitorises who smoke cigarettes take longer to get pregnant
Cervical mucus can contain antibodies that attack sperm
When is conception most likely to occur, and what factors influence this timing?
Most likely occurs during a 6-day timespan just before and ending within 24 hours after ovulation
what causes most females to orgasm?
clitoral stimulation
Amygdala
emotional processing/ the alarm
Wired for survival, when active, it is hard to think rationally
In the limbic system
Neo-cortex (frontal lobe)
responsible for inhibition of actions
Regulates emotions from the amygdala
Planning, perception; complex, rational thinking take place here
Limbic system (midbrain)
Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
hippocampus(memory)
Works to remember and make sense of the trauma while differentiating between past and present
Reptilian brain
Brain stem and cerebellum
Controls basic survival functions (fight, flight, freeze, etc)
Trauma responses
Flop: goes limp, faints, loss of physical control
Its all my fault
Freeze: disassociates, shuts down
Fawn: pleasers, acquiesces codependent, silences and represses self
Fight: narcissists, bullies, rages
Flight: distracted, perfectionists, addicts, overeats, stays busy
risk/ symptoms for low-risk HPV
cause genital warts, which are very contagious but often disappear on their own -dont cause cancers
Virus can lay dormant bu tcan cause recurrences
risks/symptoms for high-risk HPV
oncogenic- cancer causing
Can cause precancerous chang of the cervix, vagina, oenis, anus, mouth, and throat
Which STI(s) has cold sores on mouth/lips?
HSV-1 typically causes lesions or sores called cold sores or fever blisters in the mouth or on lips (oral herpes)
Which sti appears as lesions on genital areas????
HSV-2 typically causes lesions on or around the genitals
Zygote
when sperm and egg unite to produce a zygote called conception
Zygote forms in one of the fallopian tubes
Subdividies by process called cleavage once every 12-20 hrs as it slowly passes down fallopian tube
3 days after conception: zygote consists of 16 cells called a 16-cell morula
Morula
has reached the junction of fallopian tube and uterus
5 days after conception: cavity appears in the center or morula and it becomes blastocyst with a grouping of cells in center
3-4 days after fertilization morula enters uterus and becomes a blastocyst
Blastocyst
inner group of cells (embryoblast which will become the fetus)
Outer shell of cells (trophoblast) becomes fetal part of the placenta
Will implant into the uteuts
Until end of 8th week it is an embryo
physiological changes in the 1st trimester
– While pregnant, the body undergoes enormous changes
Hormonal system is altered, as progesterone & estrogen levels rise
Breasts and uterus enlarge
Other organs move around
Blood volume and heart rate increase
50% more air is moved in and out of lungs
Weight gain: on average 25 to 35 pounds
physiological changes occur in 2nd trimester
In many this is most enjoyable time
Nausea and morning sickness may have passed
Fetus is not large enough to cause too much discomfort and inconvenience
During the fourth month, host usually feels quickening, the first fetal movements
Host may experience increase appetite, heart burn, constipation, and hemorrhoids
Braxton-Hicks contractionspractice for labor
physiological changes in the 3rd trimester
becomes increasingly uncomfortable
Walking, sitting, breathing, and sleeping become difficult
Heartburn, indigestion, hemorrhoids, constipation, headaches, leg cramps, and back pain
May develop linea nigra – dark line that runs from navel to pubis
4-7% develop gestational diabetes –
People experience a number of emotions: • Joy, fear, and anxiety
HAART?
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy
Combination of 3 or more anti-retroviral drugs
Greatly increase lifespan of those with HIV/aids
Can inhibit replication and reduce viral load to undetectable
Adherence is difficult due to drug toxicity (insomnia, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems, liver damage, and more)
Without HAART treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years
difference between hiv/aids and covid
HIV- single stranded retrovirus
COVID- positive sense single stranded RNA virus
Means of transmission:
COVID: virus that causes covid is transmitted via coughs and sneezes (respiratory virus)
Spreads much more easily
HIV transmit through infected blood, semen, and vaginal fluid and breast milk
how can hiv be trasmitted
HIV can be transmitted through infected blood, semen, and vaginal fluid and breast milk
what are prevention stragties from getting an STI
Ways to reduce risk of transmission:
Know your status-get tested
Avoid contact with blood or body fluids that may contain virus
Use condoms
Use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP- daily pill to prevent HIV)
Two drugs - tenofovir and emtricitabine
Post-exposure prophylaxis an emergency series taken after possible exposure
Should be started immediately after possible exposure, not more than 72 hours
Vasocongestion
body tissues become engorged with blood
Normally: blood inflow= blood outflow
During arousal: inflow>>outflow
Both visible and deeper tissues become warm, swollen, red
Penis erect, vaginal tissue swells
Myotonia
increases muscle tension throughout the body
Increased muscle tension
Voluntary flexing
Involuntary muscle contractions
paraphilia
an abnormal sexual desire that typically involves extreme/ dangerous activities
Noncoercive paraphilia
all parties want to participate
Coercive paraphilia
lack of consent
force, intimidation, and/or coercion are involved
RACK
Risk, aware, consesual, kink
BDSM
Bondage, discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism
Can be used to describe consensual sexual/relational encounters &/or fantasies
Culture
Power dynamic (a use & exchange of power)
Third trimester (7-9 months)
Fetus greatly increases in size and organ systems continue to develop and enlarge
7mo: head and body become proportionate; lungs are beginning to function
8mo: baby responds to familiar sounds
9mo: babies continue to grow; movement is limited; baby turns in uterus preparing for birth
2nd trimester of pregnancy
Gonadal differentiation can be seen
External body parts distinguished
Bones develop and harden
Fetus begins to kick/move, has sleep-wake cycle and responds to sound
Fetus is convered by vernix
At 5 months, fetus is about 1 pounds
Eyes open at 6 months
1st trimester of pregnancy
Germinal stage (0-2 w) begins when sperm and egg unite to produce a zygote called conception
5 days after conception: cavity appears in the center of morula and it comes blastocyst with a grouping of cells in center
From implantation as a blastocyst until end of 8th week it is an embryo
End of 8 weeks becomes fetus
3 inch fetus at the end of first trimster (11-12 weeks 1st trimester ends)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG
hormone that plays a key role in pregnancy and can be used to diagnose and treat certain conditions: pregnacy, cancer, etc.
Excess hCG is detected in blood or urine as early as 7 days after conception
Secreted by embryonic tissue (blastocyst) after implantation
Maintains corpus luteum which produces progesterone to sustain pregancy during 1st trimester
During 2nd trimester, placenta secretes progesterone and stops secreting hCG
What roles do hormones like oxytocin play in labor and postpartum processes?
Oxytocin > stimulates uterus to contract and stimulates the placenta to make prostaglandins
Carried in the blood to the breasts causing contractions of milk glands to begin and milk to flow into milk duct
1st stage of labor
beginning of uterine contractions, dilation of cervix, and lastst until cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm (longest stage 8-14 hours)
1st phase of the first stage of labor: latent phase
early cervical dilation, takes place at slow rate until cervix is 3-4 cm wide, duration highly variable
active phase (1st stage of labor)
cervical dilation continues at a faster rate until fully dilated at 10 cm
last part of stage 1: transition phase
the cervic completes dilation and contractions are 50-90 seconds long and occur every 3 minutes
2nd stage of labor
birth of the baby & begins at 10 cm dilation
3rd stage of labor
delivery of the placenta or afterbirth
What are key considerations for emergency contraception use?
Emergency contraception can be used to prevent pregnancy if: no condom/ other birth control during sex, messed up on regular birth control (did not take a pill/changed patch/ no shot taken on time), condom broke/slipped after ejaculation, withdrawl failed, forced to have unprotected sex
Emergency contraception should not be relied on as a regular form of birth control because it does not work well and some emergency contraception have higher hormone levels
emergency contraception does not work if you are already pregnant
Forms of emergency contraception: Copper-T (IUD) , ella, plan b
Braxton hicks
painless uterine contactions
Indicate delivery is close
contractions - practice for labor
At orgasm, secretions of this compound can make an individual feel sleepy and the refractory period that most men experience may be related to its release
prolactin
Syphillis
transmitted by genital secretions from someone who is infected to an uninfected person trhough the mucous membranes and from skin to skin contract
trichomoniasis
most common curable STI in the world
• Caused by infection with protozoan parasite
• Almost always transmitted sexually, but also from mother
to baby during childbirth
– Positively correlated with number of sexual partners
• Symptoms: redness, itching, abnormal discharge
• Treated with one dose of oral metronidazole
• Person with penis is usually asymptomatic but can
reinfect partner – may want both to receive antibiotics
– If left untreated, can lead to inflammation and scar
tissue; increases susceptibility to HIV
gonorrhea
• 2nd most reported infectious
condition in US
– Caused by bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae which is shaped like
a coffee bean
– Grows in warm moist areas with
mucous membranes such as
cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes,
urethra, anus, eyes, throat and
mouth
– People with clitorises are more
susceptible than people with
penises
– Transmitted through unprotected
anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse,
and through childbirth
chlamydia
most frequently reported infectious disease in US (CDC, 2018b)
Caused by bacterium Chlamydia
trachomatis
Usually transmitted through unprotected
anal or vaginal intercourse, or through
childbirth
75% of people with clitorises and 50% of
people with penises are asymptomatic,
meaning that they experience no
symptoms,
But when symptoms occur in people with
clitorises usually in 5-21 days they may
include
▪ Vaginal discharge & bleeding due to
infection of cervix and pelvic, abdominal,
and lower back painCervix with chlamydia
infection
amniotic sac
fluid-filled pouch that lines the uterus
only commitment component
empty love
only intimacy component
liking (friendship)
passion + intimacy =
romantic love
passion + commitment
fatuous love
intimacy+ commitment
companionate love
predicted long & stable relationship
what physical change in the brain can be seen in a PET scan when trauma occurs?
there is less activation of the prefrontal cortex
Resolution phase of the Masters and Johnson Sexual Response cycle
penis becomes flaccid
myotonia subsides
uterus descends
dopamine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters involved in
motivation
hypothalamus
regulates emotions and behaviors associated with sexual functioning
controls hormone release, biological rhythms, and sex drive
brain
a storehouse of memories and cultural values so the brain has a profound influence over our arousability
what are products of the cerebal cortex of the brain
mental events like sexual fantasies
gamete intrafallopian transfer
IVF where the secondary oocyte and sperm are individually put into a fallopian tube, where they fuse within the fallopian tube to produce a zygote
jock itch
FUNGAL infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas of the body
mifepristone
one of 2 medications usied in medication abortions but also important in the management of miscarriages and a treatment for cushing’s syndrome
why is sperm not capable of fertilization at ejaculation
acrosome hybrolytic enzymes must mature in the vagina and uterus before the sperm are capable of penetrating the zona pellucida surrounding the egg
what is fecundity
potential to produce offspring for an indivudal with spermatogenic anatomy and depends on the size, shape, and motility of their sperm
sexually transmitted infection/ casual agent of a STI
herpes simplex virus
human papillomavirus
chlamydia
syphillis
how do commerically available ovulation tests work
by testing the presence of LH in urine
which oral contraception are progestin only pills?
POPs or mini pills
for thosw with oogenesis, what is the most common factor that causes infertility
failure to ovulate regularly
human papilloma virus infections
types 16 &18 of HPV virus cause 70% of cervical cancers
low risk types of the virus produce warts
annual pap tests can easily detect precancerous cells in the cervix causes by specific HPV types
high risks types of the virus are oncogenic
margaret sanger
opened an illgeal clinic
established planned parenthood (then known as national birth control league) in 1914
played a key role in the development of the 1st birth control pill called enovid
which intrauterine device slowly releases small amount of progestin, which thickens cervical mucus, thins endometrial lining and prevents ovulation
mirena
Plateau phase
powerful surge of sexual tension
misnomer(many chnages occur); powerful surge of sexual tension
Increase in heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure
Myotonia becomes pronounced causing involuntary limb contractions in some people
Continues to mount until it reaches
Usually brief, seconds to minutes
Excitement phase
erection
Increased myotonia, vasocongestion
Increased heart rate, blood pressure
Sex flush
Length of phase is highly variable (less than a minute to several hours)
Role of nitric oxide; stimulus causes release of NO from corpus cavernosa leading to relaxation of smooth muscles in penis allowing blood flow in