exam 2

Analingus

“rimming”/ oral anal sex that involves using the mouth and tongue to orally stimulate a partner’s anus and surrounding area

Cunnilingus

oral stimulation of the vulva 

Erotic fantasy

commonly occur during daydreams, masturbation, or sexual encounters with a partner, many functions (pleasure, arousal, expression of the forbidden 

Tribadism

a sexual practice where one partner rubs their vulva against another's body for stimulation.

Fellatio

oral stimulation of the penis 

Lochia

bloody discharge; vaginal discharge after giving birth and is a normal part of the postpartum healing process

Colostrum

• thin, watery fluid rich in proteins, low in sugars and that is high in infection-fighting antibodies 

  • Breasts produce colostrum (between birth and the beginning of milk production)

Lactation

• breasts or mammary glands form, secrete and eject milk 

  • Starts 1-3 days after birth

Postpartum

after the delivery of the baby; delivery of the placenta

• the uterus begins to return to its original size

After Birth

Physical adjustments to the host’s body include:

Uterus shrinking back to normal size

Bloody discharge called lochia form re-growth of uterine lining

Those who had an episiotomy or c section will need to heal

Sleep deprivation heightens stress

15% experience postpartum depression and should get medical help promptly

Vernix

• white waxy substance that coats and protects the skin of the fetus 

  • Fetus is covered by vernix

ECTOPARASITE

• Organisms that live on outer surfaces of animals 

  • Transmitted by direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact or by sharing infected clothing/towels

Hypogonadism

low -functioning of ovaries and testes

Which neurotransmitter is important for love within the first 12-18 months?

serotonin

What is a vasectomy?

• Sterilization; surgical cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens

  • Less popular, but is simpler, faster, more effective, less expensive, and safer than tubal sterilization 

  • incision/ no incision

  • Tubes tired off or clips inserted

Episiotomy, what is it?

Surgical incision made in the perineum, the tissue between the vagina and anus, to enlarge the vaginal opening during childbirth

Do medications mess with contraceptives?

• Certain medications can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills 

  • Tell every physician who gives you medication that you are taking oral contraceptives 

  • Use a backup method, such as foam or condoms, when you use any of the following medications/ herbal remedies 

    • Barbitaratues, ampicillin, tetracycline, tegretol, dilantin, rifapin, phenylbutazone, st. john’s wort

Anal Intercourse, how to have it safely.

• Anal sex: insertion of penus into partner’s anus 

  • Lubricants and gentle technique are needed

  • Health risk (HIV and other infections 

  • Use non-irritating lubricant and gentle penetration 

  • Inserting partner need to keep penis or object tilted to in direction of colon 

  • toys/objects used have larger base 

  • Use only one condom

  • Never have vaginal intercourse directly after anal sex

Vaginitis, what can cause it?

• Gardnella 

Correct development stages of conception.

Zygote Morula, Blastocyst,  Fetus

Dopamine

• affect mood, motivation, attention, and excitement 

  • Brain chemical that contributes to sexual arousal and feelings of being in love 

  • Strong link bewteen feelings of being in love and release of neurotransmitters and other brain chemicals such as dopamine

Endorphins

• morphine-like, pain-blunting chemicals help produce a sense of euphoria, security, tranquility, and peace 

  • progression from infatuation to deep attachment of long-term loving relationships result in part from increased production of set of neurotransmitters called endorphins 

  • Cause us to feel good when we are with a loved partner

Serotonin

•  chemical messenger that affects many psychological functions in the body 

  • Affects mood, obsession, sex and sleep 

  • Levels of serotonin decrease during infatuations may be associated with obsession feelings 

  • Depression & ocd associated with low levels of serotonin 

  •  Levels of this neurotransmitter decrease during infatuation and levels go back up 12-18 months later supporting idea that passionate love generally lasts 12-18 months

Phenylethylamine

•  love drug; hormone-like substance in the brain thats associated with feelings of love, attraction, and euphoria 

  • High of new love with excitement and giddiness of passionate love due to 3 key brain chemicals/ neurotrasmitters (PEA) 

  • Love drug is released during infatuation and excitement and can icnrease dopamine and norepinephrine levels 

  • High levels associated with love and orgasm

Oxytocin

• brain chemical that contribute to sexual arousal and feelings of being in love 

  • LOVE HORMONE 

  • It is released from the pituitary gland 

  • Hormone involved in uterine contractions, love, and bonding between lovers, family, parental 

  • Decreases coritsol levels (stress) 

  • Orgasm increases level 

Sexual fluidity, Lisa Diamond

• Lisa Diamond coined the term “sexual fluidity” followed multiple women(79) ages 18-24 and results that ⅔ were not consistent with their sexual identity of being lesbian, bi, unlabeled

• Sexual fluidity: variability in same-sex and other-sex attraction and involvement at different times and different situations throughout the life span; more common with women/young people 

placenta- what it does and what it is for

• Disk shaped temporary organ attached to the wall of uterus to nourish the fetus during pregnancy •

• Fetus depends on the placenta for delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and elimination of waste, CO2 •

• Continues to grow during each trimester •

• Fetus is attached to the placenta by umbilical cord - fetal blood circulates independently within fetus & placenta

• Host blood flows in the uterine walls and through outer part of the placenta

infertility in men and women

• Failure to ovulate regularly 

• Having a variocele in a testicle or in the vas deferens can cause blood to pool to in the scrotum elevating the temperature and hindering sperm production 

• Having mumps as an adult male can affect the testes lowering sperm count 

• An invasive chlamydia infection in women can block the passage of eggs and sperm and causes infertility in men as well 

• Advanced age 

• Structural problems: abnormal shaped uterus and uterine growths such as fibroid tumors 

• Other causes: people with clitorises who smoke cigarettes take longer to get pregnant

• Cervical mucus can contain antibodies that attack sperm

• When is conception most likely to occur, and what factors influence this timing?

• Most likely occurs during a 6-day timespan just before and ending within 24 hours after ovulation 

what causes most females to orgasm?

clitoral stimulation

Amygdala

• emotional processing/ the alarm 

  • Wired for survival, when active, it is hard to think rationally

  • In the limbic system 

Neo-cortex (frontal lobe)

• responsible for inhibition of actions 

  • Regulates emotions from the amygdala 

  • Planning, perception; complex, rational thinking take place here

• Limbic system (midbrain)

• Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

  • hippocampus(memory)

    • Works to remember and make sense of the trauma while differentiating between past and present

Reptilian brain

• Brain stem and cerebellum

  • Controls basic survival functions (fight, flight, freeze, etc)

Trauma responses

• Flop: goes limp, faints, loss of physical control 

  • Its all my fault 

• Freeze: disassociates, shuts down 

• Fawn: pleasers, acquiesces codependent, silences and represses self 

• Fight: narcissists, bullies, rages 

• Flight: distracted, perfectionists, addicts, overeats, stays busy

risk/ symptoms for low-risk HPV

• cause genital warts, which are very contagious but often disappear on their own -dont cause cancers 

  • Virus can lay dormant bu tcan cause recurrences 

risks/symptoms for high-risk HPV

• oncogenic- cancer causing 

  • Can cause precancerous chang of the cervix, vagina, oenis, anus, mouth, and throat 

Which STI(s) has cold sores on mouth/lips?

HSV-1 typically causes lesions or sores called cold sores or fever blisters in the mouth or on lips (oral herpes)

Which sti appears as lesions on genital areas????

HSV-2 typically causes lesions on or around the genitals

Zygote

• when sperm and egg unite to produce a zygote called conception 

  • Zygote forms in one of the fallopian tubes 

  • Subdividies by process called cleavage once every 12-20 hrs as it slowly passes down fallopian tube 

  • 3 days after conception: zygote consists of 16 cells called a 16-cell morula

Morula

• has reached the junction of fallopian tube and uterus 

  • 5 days after conception: cavity appears in the center or morula and it becomes blastocyst with a grouping of cells in center 

  • 3-4 days after fertilization morula enters uterus and becomes a blastocyst

Blastocyst

• inner group of cells (embryoblast which will become the fetus) 

• Outer shell of cells (trophoblast) becomes fetal part of the placenta 

• Will implant into the uteuts 

• Until end of 8th week it is an embryo

physiological changes in the 1st trimester

– While pregnant, the body undergoes enormous changes

• Hormonal system is altered, as progesterone & estrogen levels rise

• Breasts and uterus enlarge

• Other organs move around

• Blood volume and heart rate increase

• 50% more air is moved in and out of lungs

• Weight gain: on average 25 to 35 pounds

physiological changes occur in 2nd trimester

In many this is most enjoyable time

• Nausea and morning sickness may have passed

• Fetus is not large enough to cause too much discomfort and inconvenience

• During the fourth month, host usually feels quickening, the first fetal movements

• Host may experience increase appetite, heart burn, constipation, and hemorrhoids

• Braxton-Hicks contractionspractice for labor

physiological changes in the 3rd trimester

becomes increasingly uncomfortable

• Walking, sitting, breathing, and sleeping become difficult

• Heartburn, indigestion, hemorrhoids, constipation, headaches, leg cramps, and back pain

• May develop linea nigra – dark line that runs from navel to pubis

• 4-7% develop gestational diabetes –

• People experience a number of emotions: • Joy, fear, and anxiety

HAART?

• Highly active anti-retroviral therapy 

  • Combination of 3 or more anti-retroviral drugs 

  • Greatly increase lifespan of those with HIV/aids 

  • Can inhibit replication and reduce viral load to undetectable 

  • Adherence is difficult due to drug toxicity (insomnia, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems, liver damage, and more) 

    • Without HAART treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years

difference between hiv/aids and covid

• HIV- single stranded retrovirus 

• COVID- positive sense single stranded RNA virus 

  • Means of transmission: 

• COVID: virus that causes covid is transmitted via coughs and sneezes (respiratory virus) 

  • Spreads much more easily 

• HIV transmit through infected blood, semen, and vaginal fluid and breast milk

how can hiv be trasmitted

HIV can be transmitted through infected blood, semen, and vaginal fluid and breast milk

what are prevention stragties from getting an STI

• Ways to reduce risk of transmission: 

  • Know your status-get tested 

  • Avoid contact with blood or body fluids that may contain virus 

  • Use condoms 

  • Use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP- daily pill to prevent HIV) 

    • Two drugs - tenofovir and emtricitabine 

  • Post-exposure prophylaxis an emergency series taken after possible exposure 

    • Should be started immediately after possible exposure, not more than 72 hours

Vasocongestion

• body tissues become engorged with blood 

  • Normally: blood inflow= blood outflow 

  • During arousal: inflow>>outflow 

  • Both visible and deeper tissues become warm, swollen, red 

  • Penis erect, vaginal tissue swells

Myotonia

•  increases muscle tension throughout the body 

  • Increased muscle tension 

  • Voluntary flexing 

  • Involuntary muscle contractions

paraphilia

an abnormal sexual desire that typically involves extreme/ dangerous activities

Noncoercive paraphilia

all parties want to participate

Coercive paraphilia

lack of consent

• force, intimidation, and/or coercion are involved

RACK

Risk, aware, consesual, kink

BDSM

• Bondage, discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism 

  • Can be used to describe consensual sexual/relational encounters &/or fantasies 

  • Culture 

  • Power dynamic (a use & exchange of power)

Third trimester (7-9 months)

Fetus greatly increases in size and organ systems continue to develop and enlarge

7mo: head and body become proportionate; lungs are beginning to function

8mo: baby responds to familiar sounds

9mo: babies continue to grow; movement is limited; baby turns in uterus preparing for birth

2nd trimester of pregnancy

• Gonadal differentiation can be seen 

• External body parts distinguished 

• Bones develop and harden 

• Fetus begins to kick/move, has sleep-wake cycle and responds to sound 

• Fetus is convered by vernix 

• At 5 months, fetus is about 1 pounds 

• Eyes open at 6 months 

1st trimester of pregnancy

• Germinal stage (0-2 w) begins when sperm and egg unite to produce a zygote called conception 

• 5 days after conception: cavity appears in the center of morula and it comes blastocyst with a grouping of cells in center 

• From implantation as a blastocyst until end of 8th week it is an embryo 

• End of 8 weeks becomes fetus 

• 3 inch fetus at the end of first trimster (11-12 weeks 1st trimester ends)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG

•  hormone that plays a key role in pregnancy and can be used to diagnose and treat certain conditions: pregnacy, cancer, etc. 

  • Excess hCG is detected in blood or urine as early as 7 days after conception

  • Secreted by embryonic tissue (blastocyst) after implantation 

  • Maintains corpus luteum which produces progesterone to sustain pregancy during 1st trimester 

  • During 2nd trimester, placenta secretes progesterone and stops secreting hCG

What roles do hormones like oxytocin play in labor and postpartum processes?

• Oxytocin > stimulates uterus to contract and stimulates the placenta to make prostaglandins 

  • Carried in the blood to the breasts causing contractions of milk glands to begin and milk to flow into milk duct

1st stage of labor

beginning of uterine contractions, dilation of cervix, and lastst until cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm (longest stage 8-14 hours)

1st phase of the first stage of labor: latent phase

 early cervical dilation, takes place at slow rate until cervix is 3-4 cm wide, duration highly variable

active phase (1st stage of labor)

cervical dilation continues at a faster rate until fully dilated at 10 cm

last part of stage 1: transition phase

• the cervic completes dilation and contractions are 50-90 seconds long and occur every 3 minutes 

2nd stage of labor

birth of the baby & begins at 10 cm dilation

3rd stage of labor

delivery of the placenta or afterbirth 

What are key considerations for emergency contraception use?

Emergency contraception can be used to prevent pregnancy if: no condom/ other birth control during sex, messed up on regular birth control (did not take a pill/changed patch/ no shot taken on time), condom broke/slipped after ejaculation, withdrawl failed, forced to have unprotected sex

Emergency contraception should not be relied on as a regular form of birth control because it does not work well and some emergency contraception have higher hormone levels

emergency contraception does not work if you are already pregnant 

Forms of emergency contraception: Copper-T (IUD) , ella, plan b

Braxton hicks

•  painless uterine contactions 

  • Indicate delivery is close 

  • contractions - practice for labor

At orgasm, secretions of this compound can make an individual feel sleepy and the refractory period that most men experience may be related to its release

prolactin

Syphillis

transmitted by genital secretions from someone who is infected to an uninfected person trhough the mucous membranes and from skin to skin contract

trichomoniasis

most common curable STI in the world
• Caused by infection with protozoan parasite
• Almost always transmitted sexually, but also from mother
to baby during childbirth
– Positively correlated with number of sexual partners
• Symptoms: redness, itching, abnormal discharge
• Treated with one dose of oral metronidazole
• Person with penis is usually asymptomatic but can
reinfect partner – may want both to receive antibiotics
– If left untreated, can lead to inflammation and scar
tissue; increases susceptibility to HIV

gonorrhea

• 2nd most reported infectious
condition in US
– Caused by bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae which is shaped like
a coffee bean
– Grows in warm moist areas with
mucous membranes such as
cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes,
urethra, anus, eyes, throat and
mouth
– People with clitorises are more
susceptible than people with
penises
– Transmitted through unprotected
anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse,
and through childbirth

chlamydia

most frequently reported infectious disease in US (CDC, 2018b)
 Caused by bacterium Chlamydia
trachomatis
 Usually transmitted through unprotected
anal or vaginal intercourse, or through
childbirth
 75% of people with clitorises and 50% of
people with penises are asymptomatic,
meaning that they experience no
symptoms,
 But when symptoms occur in people with
clitorises usually in 5-21 days they may
include
▪ Vaginal discharge & bleeding due to
infection of cervix and pelvic, abdominal,
and lower back painCervix with chlamydia
infection

amniotic sac

fluid-filled pouch that lines the uterus

only commitment component

empty love

only intimacy component

liking (friendship)

passion + intimacy =

romantic love

passion + commitment

fatuous love

intimacy+ commitment

companionate love

• predicted long & stable relationship

what physical change in the brain can be seen in a PET scan when trauma occurs?

there is less activation of the prefrontal cortex

Resolution phase of the Masters and Johnson Sexual Response cycle

• penis becomes flaccid

• myotonia subsides

• uterus descends

dopamine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters involved in

motivation

hypothalamus

regulates emotions and behaviors associated with sexual functioning

controls hormone release, biological rhythms, and sex drive

brain

a storehouse of memories and cultural values so the brain has a profound influence over our arousability

what are products of the cerebal cortex of the brain

mental events like sexual fantasies

gamete intrafallopian transfer

IVF where the secondary oocyte and sperm are individually put into a fallopian tube, where they fuse within the fallopian tube to produce a zygote

jock itch

FUNGAL infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas of the body

mifepristone

one of 2 medications usied in medication abortions but also important in the management of miscarriages and a treatment for cushing’s syndrome

why is sperm not capable of fertilization at ejaculation

acrosome hybrolytic enzymes must mature in the vagina and uterus before the sperm are capable of penetrating the zona pellucida surrounding the egg

what is fecundity

potential to produce offspring for an indivudal with spermatogenic anatomy and depends on the size, shape, and motility of their sperm

sexually transmitted infection/ casual agent of a STI

• herpes simplex virus

• human papillomavirus

• chlamydia

• syphillis

how do commerically available ovulation tests work

by testing the presence of LH in urine

which oral contraception are progestin only pills?

POPs or mini pills

for thosw with oogenesis, what is the most common factor that causes infertility

failure to ovulate regularly

human papilloma virus infections

types 16 &18 of HPV virus cause 70% of cervical cancers

low risk types of the virus produce warts

annual pap tests can easily detect precancerous cells in the cervix causes by specific HPV types

high risks types of the virus are oncogenic

margaret sanger

opened an illgeal clinic

established planned parenthood (then known as national birth control league) in 1914

played a key role in the development of the 1st birth control pill called enovid

which intrauterine device slowly releases small amount of progestin, which thickens cervical mucus, thins endometrial lining and prevents ovulation

mirena

Plateau phase

powerful surge of sexual tension

1. misnomer(many chnages occur); powerful surge of sexual tension 

   1. Increase in heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure 

   2. Myotonia becomes pronounced causing involuntary limb contractions in some people 

   3. Continues to mount until it reaches 

2. Usually brief, seconds to minutes

Excitement phase

erection

1. Increased myotonia, vasocongestion 

2. Increased heart rate, blood pressure

3. Sex flush 

4. Length of phase is highly variable (less than a minute to several hours)

5. Role of nitric oxide; stimulus causes release of NO from corpus cavernosa leading to relaxation of smooth muscles in penis allowing blood flow in