BI 222 Topic 1 Cell Structure

Flashcards from what we learned in class on 1/6/25 in the 2 pm lecture

How much larger are animal cells compared to bacterial cells?

10-100x larger

All cells have what 4 things?

Plasma membrane (PM) / cell membrane

Genetic material

Cytosol

Ribosomes

Plasma Membrane (PM) / Cell Membrane is made out of a

phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane (PM) is what?

The outermost functional layer that defines the boundary of the cell.

Plasma membrane (PM) is a selective barrier to what?

Proteins

Cytosol is?

a jellylike substance inside the cell

Where do most biochemical reactions take place?

In the cytosol.

Genetic material includes?

DNA and RNA

Ribosomes are required to make what?

To make proteins

Prokaryotic cells have what type of chromosome?

1 (rarely 2) circular chromosomes

Prokaryotic cells are roughly how big?

1 micrometer

Prokaryotic cells have _____ internal membranes.

no internal membranes.

Prokaryotic cells are considered ____ celled.

Single celled.

Eukaryotic cells have what type of DNA?

1-1000 linear chromosomes

Eukaryotic cells are considered ____ celled.

Single or multicell

What is an example of a single celled eukarayote?

Yeast

What is an example of a multi celled eukarayote?

Humans

Eukaryotic cells have _____ internal membrane structures.

Many called organelles.

Eukaryotic cells are roughly what size?

10-100 micrometers

Plastids

non specialized organelle3

Plastid type:

chloroplasts

photosynthesis

Plastid type:

amyloplasts

starch storing in the roots of plants

Plastid type:

chromoplasts

color pigmentations

Plant cell wall is located where?

Just outside the plasma membrane

Is the plant cell wall considered alive? What is it made of?

No, it is not alive but it does offer structure to the cell as it is made out of cellulose.

What are the types of cell wall structure?

primary and secondary

The vacuole does that?

Helps maintain the water balance.

The cell wants to exert enough turgor pressure to allow the plant to maintain its shape.

Cytoplasm

cytosol + the organelles.

Therefore only eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm.

Nucleus is defined by

DNA storage surrounded by a double membrane that is studded with pores.

What do the pores on the nucleus membrane do?

allow things in and out of the nucleus.

Like proteins, mRNA, and ribosomes.

The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does what?

stores things,

(Usually Ca⁺ or enzymes)

The rough endoplasmic recticulum does what?

protein synthesis

ribosomes are attached making the proteins, so that is why it is “rough”

Golgi apparatus does what?

Sort, modify, and ship out proteins.

(The amazon store house of the cell.)

Ribosomes can be ____ or _____.

Free or bound.

Free ribosomes are where doing what?

In the cytosol making proteins that won’t enter the endomembrane system.

Where can free ribosomes go?

Stay in the cytosol

The nucleus

Outside of the cell

The mitochondria -chloroplast or peroxisome

What do bound ribosomes do?

Make proteins in the rough endoplasmic recticulum and enter the endomembrane system

The endomembrane system includes the ….

Rough ER

Vesticle

Golgi

Another vesticle (lysosome, transmembrane, etc.)