psych final study

Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out
"Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of

assimilation

In the figure above, a patient has been asked to draw a slash through each circle. The pattern of
responses suggests that the patient has most likely experienced damage in which of the following
areas?

Right hemisphere

Which of the following psychological concepts is best illustrated in the chart above?

Group polarization

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10
Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one
to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants
are above.

What is the mode for these data? 7
What is the mean for these data? 6.4

Andy and Noel have been happily married for 25 years. They have a warm and trusting affection for
each other. Which social psychology concept applies to their relationship?

Companionate love

Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals
are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

The limbic system is most closely associated with

Emotions

A psychologist develops a new assessment instrument for depression. She gives it to a sample of
clients and then, some time later, gives it to the same sample again. What aspect of the assessment
is she evaluating?

Reliability

A research group involved with advertising is conducting a study to investigate whether shoppers are more likely to engage in impulse buying at the checkout than at any other place in the store. For the
results of the study to be generalizable, the researchers should

use a representative sample

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

hypothalamus

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a
couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner,
calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to
misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

positive reinforcement

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice
skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which
of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

A person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before
sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. The person's reaction is most directly
enabled by

a spinal reflex

When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he
finds the correct answer. Cory's strategy is to use

an algorithm

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

do nothing additional

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to
make the track team is an example of

intrinsic motivation

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for individuals with schizophrenia?

Antipsychotic medications

According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job
satisfaction from their workers if the employers

redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-reduction theory

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following
Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?

Similarity

Joel's pupils become dilated, his digestion is reduced, and his skin becomes cold. Which system is
controlling his bodily changes?

Sympathetic

While reviewing scores from a chapter test, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher
than the median. Which of the following statements is most likely correct?

The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.

According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called this psychosocial stage of
development

intimacy versus isolation

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of
which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

Fixed ratio

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the
child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as

a secondary reinforcer

According to research by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the
following would most improve the ability to recall the word "umbrella"?

Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in
the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read,
Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall
the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to

encoding failure

Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now
whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work.
This is best explained by Raj's having developed which of the following for door opening?

A mental set

A test that measures a student's potential ability is

an aptitude test

Hermann Ebbinghaus tested his memory using combinations of three-letter nonsense syllables.
Which of the following graphs best represents his findings about the relationship between forgetting
and time?

When Julie's boyfriend bought her a nice present, she thought, "He buys me presents because he's
such a nice person." This kind of explanation is referred to as

an attribution

Sheila has a favorite book that she enjoys so much she has read it several times. This book is now
assigned in her literature class, and students receive gift certificates for each chapter they read. As
the class progresses through the book, Sheila finds she enjoys it less. This illustrates

Overjustification

Dr. Lee is interested in the effect of lighting on people's ability to concentrate. Dr. Lee studies this by
manipulating the amount of lighting while participants read and then measuring their scores on a reading comprehension test. Group 1 receives dim light, and group 2 receives bright light. Which of
the following research methods is Dr. Lee using?

An experiment

Michael states that his friend Scott is cheap. Michael does not realize he himself is cheap. If Scott is
not cheap, which of the following defense mechanisms is Michael using?

Projection

Research participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups. One group listens to a list of
words, another group reads a list of words printed on paper, and the remaining group hears and
reads the words. The researcher then tests the participants' memories to see how many words the
members of each group can recall. The modality in which the words are presented (i.e., auditory,
visual, or both) is which type of variable?

Independent

When Betty lost her job, she kept returning to work each morning because she did not remember that
she had been fired. She saw a doctor, who found no brain injury or other neurological condition that
would prevent her from remembering. Which psychological disorder is Betty most likely
experiencing?

Dissociative amnesia

A psychologist administered the most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet IQ test to 50 students and
their scores are shown in the chart above. How many students earned scores higher than two
standard deviations above the mean?

2

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood
when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door
slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The slamming of the door

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social
events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which
in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the
following principles?

Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system?

B

The area labeled A contains the

ossicles

Even though Eli prefers romantic comedy movies, he often goes to action-adventure movies to fit in
with his friends. Eli's behavior can best be explained by

normative social influence

Which part of the brain represented above is indicated by A?

Somatosensory cortex

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which
of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Incentive

During the high-wire act, Grace walks along a rope suspended 30 feet above the circus floor. Which
of the following is most involved in helping Grace coordinate her movements and maintain her
balance during the performance?

Cerebellum

Of the following, which would most commonly be used to treat a phobia?

Systematic desensitization

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All
participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of
the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B
pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups
had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs.
The study most directly explores the concept of

learned helplessness

Which of the following disorders is hypothesized to result most frequently from real-world conditions
that are similar to those used in the study?

Major depressive

The above diagram illustrates which of the following psychological concepts?

Bystander Effect

Denny does not have wrapping paper to use to wrap a birthday present, and so he decides to use
colorful newspaper comics instead. Denny's solution demonstrates that he has overcome

functional fixedness

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned
to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French
class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did.
Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to

implicit memory

Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Drive reduction

A 40-year-old man and his 7-year-old son move to a country where they have to learn a new
language. Compared with his son, the 40-year-old man will

have more difficulty learning to produce phonemes that do not exist in his native language

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory,
such behavior is known as

stimulus generalization

The difficulty many people have recalling the details of common objects such as pennies can best be
explained by

a lack of encoding

Eleven-month-old Jason drops a toy from his crib. He immediately looks over the side of the crib to
search for the toy. Jason's behavior demonstrates that he has acquired

object permanence

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute.
Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be
attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship
between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Schachter two-factor

Nervousness can result in faster and more shallow breathing as well as a racing heart. This is due to
activation of the

sympathetic nervous system

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an
unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's
father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a
squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget
would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

Accommodation

During a political debate, Candidate A expresses detailed facts on an important issue. Candidate B
responds with an emotional appeal on the same issue. Which method of persuasion is each of the
candidates using?

Candidate A is using the central route, and Candidate B is using the peripheral route.

The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of
various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?

Nature versus nurture

A person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan
effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured?

Frontal Lobe

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the
lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other
instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle
of

Figure-ground

Which of the following types of intelligence is most clearly demonstrated by an individual's
knowledge of facts?

Crystallized

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30
pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's
experience?

Set-point Theory

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which
of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous
activities?

Arousal

After a lengthy interview, Dr. Richard decides that the preferred treatment for Maurice is systematic
desensitization. Which of the following is Dr. Richard's most likely diagnosis of Maurice?

Specific Phobia

Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in
each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of
words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the
second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the
importance of

Semantic encoding

Annie experiences disorganized thinking and communicates with people who do not exist. Which of the following is the most likely classification of Annie's problems?

Schizophrenia

Annie experiences disorganized thinking and communicates with people who do not exist. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used to treat Annie's problems?

Antipsychotic medication

Sara had an argument with her coworker, Adam. That night, Sara had a dream that she was shopping at a mall and Adam was in every store in which she shopped. A psychoanalyst would say
that Adam's being at the mall in her dream was an example of which of the following?

The manifest content

Doug is part of a large creative-design team at an advertising firm. The team comes up with many
slogans for products. Some are successful; some are failures. Whenever the team comes up with a
winner, Doug takes full responsibility and talks about how much of a role he played in the team's
success. When slogans are not effective, he denies having a big role in the project. Doug is most
clearly demonstrating

A self-serving bias

Semantic encoding

Reliability

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However,
by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical
five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities?

Neuroplasticity

In a recent report, a developmental psychologist who studied peer pressure in middle schools
obtained data from a large, representative sample of adolescents across the United States. This
research most likely involved a

Survey

An illusory correlation is best defined as a

perceived relationship where one does not exist

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the
second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two
rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of

Conservation

One day, during a therapy session, the client suddenly began acting angrily toward the therapist with
no provocation. A psychodynamically oriented therapist would describe this behavior as which of the
following?

Transference

Participants were asked to rate the importance of achieving honor-roll status. Researchers found
that students from smaller families rated the importance more highly than students from larger
families. The research team concluded that a student's attitude toward school achievement is the
result of family size. Which of the following is the most important error made by the research team?

Assuming that correlation proves causation

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one.
The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have
frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

exhaustion

Most intelligence tests are normed such that the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15.
Therefore, the discovery of the Flynn effect leads one to conclude that

IQ tests should be renormed at periodic intervals

Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on
the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following
is the most likely explanation for his physical response?

His circadian rhythm has been disrupted.

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic
reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

Generalization

Dr. Jones is conducting research to determine if IQ changes with age. The research design includes
three groups of participants. Group 1 consists of 10 year olds, group 2 of 15 year olds, and group 3
of 25 year olds. Dr. Jones gives an IQ test to all three groups to determine the average IQ of each
group. The design of the research is

Cross-sectional

Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they
serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop

A cognitive map

Belinda exhibits diminished pleasure in her daily activities, significant weight loss, insomnia, fatigue,
and feelings of excessive guilt. Belinda's problems are most consistent with which of the following
disorders?

Major depressive

Clinical researchers are interested in gaining insight into the causes of abnormal behavior. One way
that they do this is to delve deeply into the histories of patients with a common diagnosis,
interviewing family, friends, teachers, therapists, physicians, babysitters, and others who can provide
rich details about the patients' lives. Then, researchers try to see if there are any common themes in the information gathered. What research method does this strategy represent?

Case study

The division of the nervous system that most directly allows voluntary muscle movement is the

Somatic

John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously
distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices
the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred?

Habituation

The above graph is most closely associated with

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word "mom." Alice answers, only to realize
that the sales clerk said "ma'am" to a customer. This inaccurate perception can be attributed to

perceptual expectancy

Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically motivated to write?

Savitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write

In a study conducted by Philip Zimbardo, female college students were asked to shock other
students. Half of the female students each wore a hood and lab coat to hide their identity. The other
half each wore their own clothes and a large name tag. The results indicated that the hooded
students delivered twice as many shocks as the other students. The results of the study indicate that
an important contributor to deindividuation is

Anonymity

Achariya is lost. She quickly scans the crowd and decides to ask an elderly woman for directions
because she believes the woman will be kind. Which method of problem solving did Achariya most
likely use?

The representativeness heuristic

Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the
trichromatic theory cannot

Negative afterimages

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing
the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues?

Retinal Disparity

Jordan learns a trick to solve one particular type of math problem. He then uses the same trick to
solve other types of math problems, even though it does not work and he keeps getting the wrong
answer. Jordan's use of the trick is an example of

a mental set

When Jeremy hears that his neighbor's house has been robbed, he argues that the neighbor
deserved it because he leaves his expensive electronics out where people can see them. Jeremy's
belief is best explained by which of the following cognitive biases?

The just-world hypothesis

A professor conducts a survey examining the relationship between pessimism and mental-health
problems, and the results of her study are depicted in the scatterplot above. Which of the following
types of relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems do her data suggest?

A positive correlation