Unit 3 LARC History 1 3413

Piazza di San Pietro

Piazza di San Pietro

• Follows many renaissance ideals

  • trapezoidal

  • Bilateral symmetry

  • use of symmetry and balance to create visual stability and order

  • Axial approach route

  • Open-space proportions provided for viewing distance to major public buildings

  • Classical revival in architectural motifs to articulate edges

  • Articulated with rich details and features: fountains, statues, obelisk, stairs, paving

  • Use of false perspective 

• Baroque

  • Bold curving forms

  • Obelisk

• Vatican Entrance/St. Peters Basilica

Piazza del Popolo

• Main entrance int city (North Gate)

• The curving form was a later edition

• Obelisk

• Twin churches

• Symmetry

• Patte d’oie

Piazza Navona

• Hippodrome of ancient Rome turned to piazza

• Obelisk in the center

  • Divides space

• Fountain of the Four Rivers

  • Obelisk placed on a sculptural base

    • Axial

    • 4 river gods showing the power of the church/rome over the 4 known continents

    • Cros>obelisk>fountain = God>catholic>world

Spanish Steps

• Piazza on a slope (atypical)

• Connects pizza del popolo to a pilgrimage church and then creates a new axis to another church

  • Acts as a node

• Obelisk at the top

• Landscape theater

  • Place for people to gather and watch other people and activities

Trevi Fountain

• Landscape theater

  • Watch fountain and watch people

• Fountain takes up most of the piazza with very little stadium seating

• Symbolizes the return of fresh water to the city

• Baroque neo-classical design

• Concept

  • Trapezoidal

  • No axis

  • Classical architecture and sculptures

  • fountain

Villa Aldobrandini

• Owned by Cardinal Aldobrandini

• Represents status and retreat

  • Status of the god, the church, and himself

• All about display/facade

  • Imposing view in both direction

  • Can see rome and can be seen from rome

• Mannerist ideals met

  • Bilateral symmetry 

  • Terraces

  • Celebrates grade change through strong connections between terraces

    • Dramatic stairs

  • Collection of outdoor rooms

  • Architectonic and ordered landscape (Garden of Eden)

• Baroque ideals

  • Patte d’oie

  • Curving forms

  • Dramatic nymphaeum acts as a landscape theater due to the size/importance and design

    • 5 statues in the niches

      • Central statue shows atlas(God) being helped by hercules(the cardinal) to hold the world as water(god’s goodness) spurts out of the world

    • Represents the accomplishments of the cardinal maintaining france as a catholic country

    • As you move farther from the central niche, the more sensual (lust and wild nature) it represents

      • Good vs evil

      • Enlightened man vs natural man

Villa Gamberaia

• Doesn’t check all the boxed of baroque

• Outside of florence, similar to villa medici in its tradition

• Design

  • Grade changes: terraces

  • No overall organized axis (unlike medici/baroque)

  • Views into the gardens from casino

  • Garden rooms are ordered

  • Rooms are not connected, no celebration of grade

  • Limonaia

  • grotto/nymphaeum falls short of cardinal villa tradition of extravagance and storytelling

Boboli Gardens

• Former quarry site

  • Bowl shade

  • Stadium: pliny hippodrome garden could've been inspo

• Primary axis: pools, sculptures, gardens

• Secondary axis

• Typical renaissance ideals

• Curving forms

• Show off wealth and status of medici family

  • Also shows power and wealth that they have in other countries

• Obelisk in center shows power and catholicism

• Series of terraces

• Allee

• Neoclassical statues

Place Royale (Place des Vosges)

• Urban planning project

  • Provide housing for craftsman (mainly silk) and workspace

    • Wealthy contributors liked it so much they took it over

  • Central open space surrounded by houses and shops

  • Classical language: agora/stoa

Cours la Reine

• Long straight avenue/street lined with trees

• Meant for walking/carriages and people watching

  • Dress up in finest clothes to appear to have a higher status

• Precursor to public park

Jardin du Tuileries & the Louvre

• Jardin

  • Imitating italian renaissance

    • Philibert studied/trained in italy

  • Built for a new palace

  • Central axis

  • Series of outdoor rooms/parterre de broderie

  • Parterres

  • Reflecting pools

  • Sloped ramp to create balance from palace and views

  • Axis to horizon

• Louvre

  • Begins as a palace/castle along the seine

    • Defense against vikings

  • parterre de broderie

Luxembourg Garden

• More of a baroque influence due to the queen missing florence

• Radial paths

• Compartmentalization

• Axis to horizon

• statues

Vaux-le-Vicomte

• Notre designs for Fouquet

  • FIRST EXAMPLE OF FRENCH FORMAL STYLE

• Parterre de broderie close to house

• Subtle grade change for element of surprise

• Water features as pools, flat, reflecting b/c unlike italy, France does not have high elevation or water pressure

• Grand scale to make you feel small (notice wealth and power)

• Controlled landscape except for border which is a forest

• Classical greek sculptures

• House is at the highest point

  • Provides views

• Not everything is symmetrical but there is balance which creates a sense of symmetry

• Cross axis off central axis

• house/palace: medieval castle vibe

  • Dominant feel

• Static unchanging vegetation 

• King views this design as a challenge to his power

  • Fires/jails fouquet and steals design team

• A geometric plan that uses subtle changes in topography to manipulate views

• A terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden 

Versailles & the Grand Trianon

• Chateau

  • Previous hunting lodge

  • On high ground to provide views

• Central axis to horizon

• Architectonic landscape

• Radiating axis and patte d’oie 

• Symbolism in axis, fountains, parterres, bosquets (classical themes to relate to king)

• Outdoor rooms

• Terraces

• Flat pools of water

• Massive scale (not human) to be imposing

• Curving forms and stairs

  • Celebrate grade change

• EW axis 

  • Sun king

  • Rise and set with the sun

  • god/world revolves around him

• Grand trianon is smaller version of versailles

  • Retreat from government and theater of court

Chantilly

• Principle axis

• Natural stream corridor turned to canal

• Flat reflecting pools

• Patte d’oie

• Parterres

• Axis to horizon

• Bosquets

• River gods and classical themes

• Chateau is NOT on the central axis

  • Makes it an exception to perfect french formal style

  • Due to palace already existing

Grand Cours/Champs Elysees

• Axis to horizon

• second promenade garden

• allee

Hatfield House

• Continuation of italian renaissance inspo

  • Axis

  • Geometry and architecture relate

  • Distinct garden rooms (more axial than previous)

    • Not well related though

  • Knot gardens

  • Geometric order

Wilton House

• More italian renaissance influence than hartfield house

• Aspects

  • Axis

  • Bilateral symmetry

  • Parterre de broderie 

  • Curving forms

    • Hippodrome like garden space (Pliny)

  • grotto

Hampton Court

• English baroque

• French formal style influence/Le Notre

  • Patte d’oie

  • Flat pools and fountains

  • Knot garden (parterre?)

  • Canals

  • fountains

  • Curving forms

Het Loo

• French Formal Style Influence

• Patte do’oie

• 4 court

• Parterres

  • Most elaborate closest to house

• Horizon axis

• Reflecting pools and fountains

• Espalier: practice of training fruit trees in a flat plane against a wall or fence

Santé Fe, NM

• Follows law of the indies

• 2nd oldest permanent settlement

• Seat of governor

• Vitruvius and alberti influence

  • Castrum style

  • Grid

  • Central open spaces

  • Uniform architecture

  • Porticos line principle streets

  • Governors palace looks like a greek stoa with covered porch

Philadelphia, PA

• Founded between 2 rivers

• Highly planned grid city

• 5 green squares for use of neighborhoods

  • Part of the city plan

  • Utilitarian for civic buildings and town functions

  • Built single-family home style

    • Based of the great London fire: surround homes in green space to limit fire spread

Savannah, GA

• Planned

  • Planned for growth and expansion around open spaces

    • 40 houses per ward (⅛ acre)

    • Add new wards as it expands

• Built by wealthy british man who was leading a group of investors

  • Provide a fresh start for people in England who are in debt/prison

  • They get a house and piece of land

• Carved out of a coastal forest

Williamsburg, VA

• Planned

  • By governor

• Original capital of virginia

• Grid with several anchors/axis

  • Political and academic on EW

  • Governor on N

• Governor's palace has a long allee of green lawn and trees

Isfahan & Chahar Bagh Avenue

• Organic city

  • Unplanned twisting streets

• Retrofit (kind of)

  • Existing city expanded into new one

• Reinforce power and control

• New principle entrance to the city is a series of gardens

  • connect king to god and pleases the people 

• New components are planned and geometric

• Principle open space: Maidan

• Chahar Bagn avenue

  • Form of khiyaban

  • Creates a micro climate

  • Line with additional gardens (private and semi-public)

Maidan-e Shah & the royal palaces

• Principle open space/square

• Sign of right to rule (ceremonial display)

  • Events the king had to participate in to reinforce Kingship(polo and archery)

• Three institutions of power

  • political/civic (palace)

  • Religious (mosque)

  • Economic (bazaar)

Bagh-e Fin

• Close to chahar bagh in form

• Pavilion at the center with pool of water

  • Water flows out to the city

    • Qanat above ground

  • Comes from mountains

• Microclimate from water and vegetation

Shalamar Bagh

• Belongs to king

  • Garden has to fulfill public functions for the king

  • As the terraces go up, the amount of privacy increases 

• Arrive at garden by boat (canal)

• Terraced

• Grade changes

• Axis and bilateral symmetry

• Khiyaban

• Pavilions used as audience halls

  • King would sit on chabutra

• Flower beds

• Flowering trees/shade trees

• Exotic animals

• Series of pavilions on axis

• Zenana Garden has poetry inscription, tying it to paradise/Jannah/Islam

Nishat Bagh

• Increasing level of privacy (not as much as shalamar Bagh as it is not owned by a king)

• Rectangular

• Terraces

  • Narrow and frequent

• Water canal/Khiyaban

• Right on the lake

• Chini kana

  • Small niche in a waterfall in which flowers or oil lamps could be placed

• Chadar

  • An angled cascade of patterned masonry that animates water, enhancing light and sound effects

Humayun’s Tomb

• Chahar bagh

• Mausoleum at the center

• Khiyaban 

• Reflecting pools

• Flower beds and planting

Taj Mahal

• Chahar bagh 

• Enter into a foyer space and gate

• Raised platform at center for sitting

  • On top of central water pool that flows out in 4 directions

• Garden beds are subdivided into  a smaller one

  • Hierarchy in paths (smaller paths in smaller beds)

• Flowering plants

• Shade trees

Ninomaru Palace garden

• Warrior garden

• Castel #3 in kyoto

• Built by 1st Edo period shogun

• Moat and wall (twice)

• Middle of kyoto

• Small chosen teien inside

  • Viewed from building

Katsura Rikyu

• Exception to Kaiyushiki teien

  • Very early

  • Not built by a daimyo but a royal family member

    • Used as a meeting place between emperor and shogun

• Massive collection of tea gardens in kaiyushiki teien

• Rustic simplicity 

  • But had some exotic plants with sets it off from being “poor”

• Status symbol

  • Display of wealth and cultural refinement

• Extensive paths

• Changing views

• Hide and reveal

Koraku-en

• Status symbol

  • Display of wealth and cultural refinement

• Extensive paths

• Changing views

• Hide and reveal

  • Use of castle

• Borrowed views

• Recreation of famous natural/literary scenes

• Agriculture

  • Tea, vegetables, orchards

• Kaiyushiki teien

• Tea garden

Kenroku-en

• Kaiyushiki teien

• Status symbol

  • Display of wealth and cultural refinement

• Extensive paths

• Changing views

• Hide and reveal

  • Use of castle

• Borrowed views

• Recreation of famous natural/literary scenes

• Fountain

  • Possible european influence

Baroque

• Define:

  • Style of art and architecture developed in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizing dramatic effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts

• Discuss:

  • Began in Italy and is tied to reformation and catholic church trying to promote themselves and Rome

Rome as modified by Pope Sixtus V

• Define:

  • Wanted to sink money into Rome to support its seat as a global power. The plan consisted of giving Rome a face lift, following Pienza

• Discuss:

  • Plan

    • Carve straight avenues through the city

      • Straight sightline connects important pilgrimage churches and ancient Roman ruins

    • Nodes: Piazzas

      • Carry on renaissance ideals

    • Use obelisks

      • Relocate the old obelisks and place them as landmarks in piazzas

      • Top them with a cross

        • Symbolize rome's power and the power of the church

trivio & patte d’oie

Three radiating avenues emerging from a single point, adapted by France and called the patte d’oie, or goose foot

Italian Baroque villas

• Discuss:

  • Similar to mannerist villas

    • Bilateral symmetry (axis)

    • Terraces

    • Celebrate grade changes through dramatic stairs

    • Collection of outdoor rooms

    • Architectonic and ordered landscape (garden of eden)

    • Fountains

  • Baroque

    • Goose foot: patte d’oie

    • Curving forms: ramps/cordonata

    • Nymphaeum: size and importance to design

      • Landscape theater

pleached allée

Common european method of pruning trees as a smooth-planed hedge

limonaia & orangerie

Lemon garden, popular feature in italian gardens for fragrance and fruit crop

parterre de broderie

Elaborate embroidery-like ground-plane garden, developed and popularized by France in the ear;y 17th century

residential square

• Define:

  • Square/ central open space surrounded by housing

• Discuss:

  • King wanted to provide housing for craftsmen (silk) and workspace

  • Classical language: agora/stoa

promenade

• Long straight avenue used to dress up in best clothes and people watch/socialize

• Discuss:

  • Precursor of a public park

  • Only people of a certain status/dress could entire

  • Street lined with trees

French Formal (Baroque) garden style

• A geometric plan that uses subtle changes in topography to manipulate views

• A terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden 

• All vegetation is constrained and directed, to demonstrate the mastery of man over nature (trees are planted in straight lines, and carefully trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height)

• The residence serves as the central point of the garden, and its central ornament

• No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed bushes

• A central axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the side opposite the front entrance. The axis extends either all the way to the horizon or to a piece of statuary or architecture.

• The most elaborate parterres (broderies) are placed in a regular and geometric order close to the house, to complement the architecture and to be seen from above from the reception rooms of the house. 

• Farther from the house are simpler parterres, often containing fountains or basins of water. Beyond these,small carefully‐created groves of trees serve as an intermediary between the formal garden and the masses of trees of the park. 

• Bodies of water (canals, basins) serve as mirrors. 

• The garden is animated with pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains, which either underline or punctuate the perspectives and mark the intersections of the axes.

André Le Nôtre

Landscape designer and architect developer of the french baroque style

bosquet

• Define:

  • A formal grove of trees with a geometric arrangement walks and an outdoor room(s) used for various entertainments often featured fountains and an allegorical theme

• Discuss:

  • Common themes

    • Water feature

    • Classical imagery

    • Vegetation shaped to create order in the room

    • Intimately scaled rooms

    • Intrigue and discovery

    • Different activity per room/bosquet

palisade

A tall, clipped, space defining hedge

rond-point

Circular area where alleles meet (popularized by Le Notre, used in both garden and urban design)

evolution of 17th c. English & Dutch gardens

• Transition from Italian renaissance design ideals to following those of the french formal style

George London & Henry Wise

• Henry Wise was the apprentice for George London

• Became prominent baroque english designers

Espalier

European Practice of training fruit trees in a flat plane against a wall or fence

Spanish colonial settlement patterns & Laws of the Indies (presidio, mission, villa/pueblo)

• Laws of the Indies

  • A very systematic and uniform set of rules to the urban development and governance of settlement in the New World by Spain in 1673

    • Focus on conquest, conversion, or occupation 

  • Guidelines

    • Town location and orientation

    • Town layout (gridded with a central plaza that was lined with civic and commercial buildings

    • Town architecture (buildings at the plaza were of “all of one type for the sake of the beauty of the town” abd featured arcades or porticoes 

    • Town circulation (four main streets lined with sidewalks)

  • Presidio:

    • Military fort - protect from hostile invasion while establishing contact with friendlier tribes - usually became the home of the governor

  • Mission:

    • Focus on converting natives to catholicism and “civilize” them or educate them in ways of spanish culture (franciscan or Jesuit)

  • Villa/Pueblo: 

    • civilian village - established for spanish colonists

    • Based off roman castrum and new town ideas promoted by Vitruvius/Alberti

English colonial settlement patterns

• New England

  • Based on colonists wanting to find permanent homes in New world

    • Primarily puritan

  • Developed towns

    • Agriculture surrounds town (protect from natives and weather)

      • Used as communal land

    • Both planned and unplanned

• Southern Colonies

  • People are primarily wealthy planters who want to temporarily live there to produce cash crops

  • Along riverways

  • Plantation: villa rustica

    • Big house for owner, smaller homes for workers

    • Self sufficient

Safavid public & private gardens

• Public gardens reveal the role of the king dominating the whole world created as the shadow of God

• Public amenity offered by the king as social spaces combining art and nature to gain public support

• Khiyabans, water basins, and pathways arranged geometrically at right angles, creating a grid, but not necessarily the chahar bagh pattern

• Raised platform to support a tent, small pavilion, or large palace

• Walled, but plantings at the perimeter conceal the garden limits from view, making it feel larger

• Flowers planted in flowery mead, imitating a natural meadow, and along watercourses

khiyaban

A straight promenade flanked by shade trees with a water canal down the center, creating a public urban garden

maidan

• Planned public square used for polo and archery (principal signs of kingship), and the three institutions of royal power; political/civic (palace), religious (mosque), and economic (bazaar)

Mughal imperial & tomb gardens

• Imperial

  • A central axis and bilateral symmetry - the axis often features a channel of flowing water lined with paths (khiyabans), interrupted at times by pools, pavilion, and chabutras

  • A series of linked terraces with celebratory water features marking level changes (chadars, chini khanas, etc.) when located on a sloping site 

  • The garden is typically entered on the lowest terrace, and the terraces become increasingly private as one progresses along the khiyaban

  • Terraces are square or rectangular, resulting in an overall rectangular boundary, which is walled to help control access, views, and climate

  • Terraces may be divided by channels of water forming cross access, resulting in a gridded form not necessarily in the chahar bagh pattern

  • Terraces were typically planted with flowery meadows, ornamental flower beds, flowering shrubs and shade trees. Animals (birds, peacocks, and deer) were also kept in the garden

  • Poetic inscriptions on architectural elements in the garden allude to both heavenly and earthly paradise

• Tomb

  • chahar bagh

  • Mausoleum at the center

  • khiyabans

  • reflecting pools

  • flowering trees/shade trees

  • flowers

chabutra

A raised stone square sitting platform

chini kana

A small niche in a waterfall in which flowers or oil lamps could be places

chadar

An angled cascade of patterned masonry that animates water, enhancing the light and sound effects

Japanese warrior (scenic) garden

• Small scenic gardens. 

• Associated with shoin-zukuri architecture. 

• Often chisen teien in form (pond, small hills, islands, suggesting daoist and buddhist themes) but could be combined with kare sansui teien. Can include tea houses. 

• Were primarily meant to be observed from the shoin (due to landscape paintings) rather than entered (some did have paths and bridges though)

• Display of wealth and power featuring many large rocks and rare exotic plants

• Ostentatious extravagance and complexity for their small size

cha niwa (Japanese tea garden)

• The tea ceremony evolved into an important japanese ritual of social etiquette with political implications, with detailed rules of behavior and aesthetics established by tea masters

• Tea gardens were developed to enhance the overall tea ceremony experience, with particular emphasis on preparing guests mentally and physically prior to entering the tea house

• Aesthetic principles of wabi and sabi were inspired by eremitism and evoked simplicity, age, and poverty, but in reality objects and elements associated with the tea ceremony could achieve extraordinary values that were highly coveted

• The meandering roji was the most important element of the tea garden, with stepping stones that forced mindfulness but also provided changing views

• Tea gardens were typically small, simple (without ponds or rock collections) and often divided into two parts (outer and inner), but they could be incorporated into larger gardens

• Typically built elements included fences, gates, paths, waiting pavilion, privy, water basin, dust pit, well, stone lantern, and the tea house

• Simple, naturalistic plantings combines with built elements to create the feeling of a retreat deep in the mountains

roji

• The “dewy path” in a tea garden - leads the visitor from the entry gate to the tea hut

• Most important element

wabi

Aesthetic with buddhist underpinnings describing refined austerity, the pleasurable simplicity of poverty

sabi

Aesthetic with Buddhist underpinnings describing the patina of age - mellowness produced by weathered stone, mosses, and lichens

kaiyushiki teien (stroll garden)

• Large, secular villas of the warrior elite and imperial family made possible by the peace and prosperity of daimyos (who were granted large estates) in the Edo period

• Stroll gardens were an important status symbol and display of wealth and cultural refinement

• Associated with Sukiya-zukuri architecture

• Chisen teien in form, larger than evan Heian Period gardens, with extensive paths enhanced by constantly changing views/scenes, hide and reveal, borrowed views, and the recreation of famous natural/literary scenes along a prescribed route

• Tea gardens (and their accompanying aesthetics and elements) were often incorporated, along with ponds, paths, islands, bridges, stones, palaces, extensive plantings, and the like

• Lawns and fountains in some gardens may reflect European influence