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Jeffersonian Revolution
Transition of power in the U.S. election of 1800 from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans, marked by Thomas Jefferson's presidency and his emphasis on limited government, agrarianism, and states' rights
Marbury v. Madison
Landmark Supreme Court case (1803) establishing the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
Acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, doubling the size of the United States and opening vast new territories for settlement and exploration
Lewis and Clark Expedition
1804-1806 expedition commissioned by President Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, aimed at mapping the region and establishing American claims.
War of 1812
Conflict between the United States and Britain (1812-1815) over issues including trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support for Native American tribes, ending in a stalemate but boosting American nationalism
American System
Economic program promoted by Henry Clay, including protective tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank, aimed at fostering economic growth and national unity
Henry Clay
American statesman known as the "Great Compromiser," who played a key role in shaping American politics in the early 19th century, particularly with his advocacy for the American System and the Missouri Compromise.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel in the Louisiana Territory, temporarily resolving tensions over slavery in the West
Judicial Review
Power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions, established by the case of Marbury v. Madison
Impressment
British practice of forcibly recruiting American sailors into the Royal Navy during the early 19th century, a major cause of the War of 1812
Embargo Act of 1807
Law passed by Congress under President Jefferson, banning U.S. exports to foreign nations in response to British and French violations of American neutrality rights, but ultimately harming American commerce and leading to its repeal
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 law replacing the Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France, but still failing to resolve tensions over maritime rights
War Hawks
Members of Congress who advocated for war with Britain leading up to the War of 1812, motivated by territorial expansion, national honor, and economic interests
Battle of Tippecanoe
1811 conflict between U.S. forces under William Henry Harrison and Native American confederacy led by Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskwatawa, weakening Native American resistance in the Northwest Territory.
Battle of New Orleans
1815 decisive American victory over the British in the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson, boosting American morale and establishing Jackson as a national hero.
Treaty of Ghent
1814 peace treaty ending the War of 1812, restoring prewar boundaries and resolving outstanding issues between the United States and Britain
Hartford Convention
1814 meeting of New England Federalists to discuss grievances over the War of 1812 and propose amendments to the Constitution, but ultimately undermined Federalist party credibility and hastened its decline
Era of Good Feelings
Period of relative political harmony and economic prosperity in the United States following the War of 1812, characterized by one-party rule under the Democratic-Republicans.
Second National Bank
Chartered in 1816, following the demise of the First Bank, to stabilize the economy and regulate state banks, but faced opposition from state banks and President Andrew Jackson
Tariff of 1816
Protective tariff designed to protect American industries from foreign competition, particularly in textiles and manufacturing, and promote economic independence
Eli Whitney
American inventor known for inventing the cotton gin, revolutionizing cotton production, and for his development of interchangeable parts, contributing to the Industrial Revolution
Cotton Gin
Invention by Eli Whitney in 1793, dramatically increasing the efficiency of cotton production and expanding the institution of slavery in the Southern United States.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 policy statement by President James Monroe warning European powers against further colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere, asserting American dominance in the region.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Law signed by President Andrew Jackson authorizing the removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to territories west of the Mississippi River.
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans, particularly Cherokee, from their homelands in the Southeast to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), resulting in thousands of deaths.
The Liberator
Abolitionist newspaper founded by white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate and uncompensated emancipation of enslaved people.
Spoils System
Practice of rewarding political supporters with government appointments and contracts, particularly prominent during the Jacksonian era.
Nullification Crisis
Conflict between the federal government and South Carolina over the state's attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abominations (1828), resolved through a compromise tariff and the Force Bill.
Whig Party
Political party formed in the 1830s to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson, advocating for federal funding of internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank
Market Revolution
Transformation of American economy and society in the early 19th century, characterized by the growth of manufacturing, transportation networks, and commercial agriculture.
Lowell System
Labor system used in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the early 19th century, employing young, unmarried women from rural New England and providing them with housing and factory work.
Panic of 1819
Financial crisis in the United States caused by a decline in global agricultural prices, tightening of credit, and over-speculation in land, leading to bank failures, unemployment, and economic depression.
Worcester v. Georgia
1832 Supreme Court case establishing Cherokee sovereignty and invalidating Georgia laws attempting to regulate Cherokee land, but ultimately ignored by President Jackson.
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival movement in the early 19th century, emphasizing personal salvation, moral reform, and social activism, leading to the proliferation of new religious denominations and social movements.
Revival meetings
Religious gatherings during the Second Great Awakening aimed at inspiring spiritual fervor and conversion through emotional preaching and music.
Erie Canal
363-mile waterway completed in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and facilitating transportation and trade between the Midwest and the East Coast.
Temperance Movement
Social reform movement advocating for the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption, gaining momentum in the 19th century and leading to the prohibition movement.
Abolitionist Movement:
Movement seeking the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and the abolition of slavery, gaining prominence in the early to mid-19th century with figures such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman.
American Colonization Society:
Organization founded in 1816 with the goal of gradually emancipating enslaved people in the United States and resettling them in Africa, leading to the establishment of the colony of Liberia.
Frederick Douglass
Prominent African American abolitionist, writer, and speaker, who escaped from slavery and became a leading voice for abolitionism and civil rights in the 19th century.
Turner Rebellion
Violent slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831, resulting in the deaths of many white inhabitants and leading to harsher slave codes and restrictions on enslaved people.
Black Codes
Laws passed by Southern states in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans, controlling their labor, movement, and social interactions.
Jacksonian Democracy
Political movement led by President Andrew Jackson, characterized by increased participation of the common man in politics, opposition to the economic elite, and expansion of suffrage to white males.
Corrupt Bargain
Alleged political deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay during the presidential election of 1824, where Clay supported Adams in exchange for a cabinet position, leading to accusations of impropriety.
Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet”
Informal group of advisors to President Andrew Jackson, consisting of close friends and political allies, who had significant influence on his decision-making outside of the official cabinet.
Tariff of Abominations
1828 protective tariff on imported goods, particularly textiles, designed to protect Northern industries but disliked by Southern states, leading to tensions over economic policy and sectionalism.
John C. Calhoun
Vice President under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, South Carolina senator, and prominent advocate for states' rights, nullification, and pro-slavery policies. Defended slavery as a “positive good” rather than a “necessary evil”
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