AMSCO U6 Mine

Ecumene

A variety of community types with a range of population densities.

Rural

Areas(farms and villages) with low concentration of people

Urban

Areas(cities) with high concentrations of people.

Suburbs

Primarily residential areas near cities.

Settlement

A place with a permanent human population.

Types of characteristics that make cities(early on)

Presence of an agricultural surplus; rise of social stratification and a leadership class/urban elite; beginning of jobs specializations.

Urbanization

The process of developing towns and cities

Percent urban

The proportion of the population that live in cities and towns compared to those who live in rural areas.

Site

Characteristics at the immediate locations. EX. Physical features, climate, labor force.

Situation

The location of a place relative its surroundings and connectivity to other places.

Influence of site and situation of a city leading to specialization

Functions that may be specialized such as NYC and Boston acting a trade hotspots due to natural ports.

City-state

A city and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages.

Urban hearth

Area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus. EX. Tigris-Euphrates(Mesopotamia) in modern Iraq.

Ex of modern city-states

Singapore

As cities grew… they became

Centers of services centered around a specific service or function such as religion, trade, and education.

Urban area

A central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs.

City

Higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries.

Metropolitian area(metro area)

A collection of cities that are connected economically where population is dense and continuous. EX Denver, Colorado consisting of the cities of Denver, Aurora, Lakewood and etc.

Metropolitan statistical area(MSA)

A city of at least 50,000 people. That is highly integrated socially and economically with the urban core.

Micropolitan statistical area

Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants(less than 50k) high degree of connectivity.

Nodal region

Focal point in a matrix of connections

Morphology

Physical characteristics that help describe an urban area. EX. Buildings, streets, and public places.

Social heterogeneity

refers to an attribute of a city containing a great variety of people; With diversity in language, religion, and culture.

Immigration

One of the reasons why cities are diverse due to migration. Several large cities have 40% of their population being immigrants. EX. Miami and San Jose, US

Another reason why cities grow so quickly. Diversity attracts diversity.

Another reason why cities are so socially heterogeneous is that people of the same cultures/religions/languages are able to find people that are similar to them in cities.

Time-space compression

Improvements in technology and communication that has led the earth to feel smaller.

Borchert's transportation model

Proposed by John Borchert; Describes urban growth based on transportation tech; Each innovation revolutionizes how people move goods and themselves; Divided urban history into 4 epochs: Sail-wagon, Iron Horse, Steel Rail, Auto-Air-Amenity.

Epoch

One of the four urban history periods that were determined by John Borchert; Having insane effects on the local scale connected to a citie's shape, size, density, and way it is arranged.

Impact of innovating transportation technologies on cities

Ever single epoch and thing in btw. has allowed people to live farther than they ever could from cities as rail, buses, bicycles, and horses have allowed them to travel farther without problems.

Pedestrian cities

Cities shaped by the distances people could walk(10 miles i guess).

Streetcar suburbs

Communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged to create a pinwheel shaped city.

Transportation

Way people travel or move goods; Having profound impacts on the distribution and connections of cities on all major scales.

Impact of transportation on where people live throughout an urban/suburban/rural area

Changes in infrastructure for transportation have allowed people to live farther away from the city. EX. Being able to commute through auto, rail, or bus.

Sail-Wagon(condition + effects)

1790-1830; Water port became very important; Poor road conditions made long-distance travel between cities difficult.

Iron Horse(conditions + effects)

1830-1870; Steam engines powered boats, which promoted growth of river cities; Regional rail networks connected, cities; Rail lines connected resources and industrial sites.

Steel Rail(conditions + effects)

1870-1920; Transcontinental railways emerged; Cities emerged along rail lines in the interior of continents.

Auto-Air-Amentiy(conditions + effects)

1920-1970; Cars allowed cities to spread out; Airport hubs emerged; Cities became far more interconnected

Impact of communication networks on cities

Drastic impacts on growth and develop as it greater improved the connectivity of a city. Advanced communication infrastructure attracted corporations, factories, and high-tech companies to encourage even more growth.

Smart city

Cities with the best communication networks. EX. Singapore(2020)

Reason people migrate to cities(most important)

Jobs and money. Moving into the city, and much densely populated areas help people gain access to higher paying jobs at the cost of more expensive property/goods; Economic opportunities

Reason why rapid rural-to-urban migration might be bad

Millions of people migrating from rural northern and western Brazil to rapidly expanding cities of San Paulo and Rio leading to the stretching of resources, substandard housing, overcrowding, and stressed infrastructure(sanitation, transportation).

Example of a policy impacting growth and development of cities

In 2014, China implemented the New Urbanization Plan that developed specialized cities and left the coast of the country to urbanize. Ex. Shenzhen, city near Hong Kong heavily centered around higher education and high-text industry.

Reason why cities might specialize or differentiate functions

To attract more potential residents that fall into that category or niche, for example Pittsburgh recently changed economic development policies to attract high-tech industries, so that people graduating from Carnegie Mellon and UPitt can become taken advantage of.

Suburbanization

The profess of people moving, from cities to residential areas near the outskirts of cities.

positive/neutral reasons that might cause suburbanization

Economic expansion, leading to greater purchasing power power for many families. Development of transportation infrastructure such as interstate highways or railroads allowed commuters to live further away from city, but still work within the city.

Bad reasons for suburbanization

Racial tensions as an urbanization of African Americans in search of jobs and better education during and after WWII lead to many white Americans moving to suburbs known as White flight. Lack of funding/investment as governments/municipals focused on the suburbs.

Sprawl

Rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city.

Reasons for sprawl

Growth of suburbs, lower land costs in suburbs compared to inner cities, lower density single family housing, car culture.

Leap-frog development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city's built area

Boomburbs/Boomburgs

Rapidly growing communities(10 percent per 10 years), have a total population over 100,00 people, and aren't the largest city in metro area. EX Plano, Texas, Mesa, Arizona.

Different types of land-use forms

Boomburbs/burgs and edge cities

Edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities; located at the cross section of major transport routes.

Counter-urbanization/Deurbanization

The counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities. mainly relocating to exurbs

Exurbs

Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.

Reason why exurbanism exists

Contributed by the ability of people to work remotely via tech removing the need to commute; relative affordability of land; tends to have tranquility and privacy, whilst having connections.

Reurbanization

The process of suburbanites returning to live in cities.

Megacity

Cities that have a population more than 10 million people. Ex. NYC, US

Metacities/hypercities

Continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million; Attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form an interconnected urban system. Ex. Tokyo, Japan

Megalopolis

Chain of connected cities. EX. Bosh-Wash Corridor

Conurbation

Uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities.

challenges that mega cities in developing/developed cities face

Social problems btw. Ethnic groups; Joblessness; Lack of infrastructure; Inadequate housing; Environmental problems. EX. Mexico City air pollution..

World/Global cities

Cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries; Mainly media hubs, financial centers, and headquarters. EX. NYC hq for UN.

City's influence is ranked based on...

Financial power, innovation, academic resources, cultural influence, livability, connectivity, accessibility, and political influence.

Urban hierarchy(what are they ranked based on?)

Ranking based on influence or population size.

Way a city might become influential

in order for a city to be influential it must have connectivity to networks on a regional, national, and global scale.

Nodal cities

Command centers on a regional and sometimes national level. EX. Denver, Minneapolis.

Urban hierarchy of cities(order)

Global/World cities, Nodal cities, Cities specializing in certain functions. EX Austin, Texas, Las Vegas, Nevada(entertainment.)

Urban system

Interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale.

Rank-size rule

The nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city; Rank of city helps predict the size of that city; Characteristics of well developed regions countries; Federal gov

Higher-order services

Services that are expensive and requires a higher threshold of people to supports, and only occasionally utilized. EX. Luxury car dealerships

Lower-order services

Services that are less expensive than higher-order services requiring na smaller threshold to supports, and are used daily/weekly. EX. Grocery stores, and gas stations.

Geographer consider rank-size disturb it on to be an...

indicator of an urban system taht can efficiently provide needed services to its populations. EX. India, US, Canada

Limitations of Rank-size rule

Doesn't explain the distribution of the population in cities; or factor in the distance/interactions btw. cities; Works better w/ metropolitan area population.

Primate city

The largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city; More developed; More attractive; Hubs of social, political, and economic activities; Central/unitary gov. EX. London

Gravity model

Larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other.

Uses of the gravity model

Used to predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, migrants, information, mail, products, economic activity, and flow btw. The cities.

Limitations of the gravity model

Assumes a physical world w/out barriers; Doesn't take into account the influence that political and physical boundaries play on the interaction btw. cities; Certain cities might have a larger pull for a entertainment or economic reason. EX. Disney World, Orlando.

Central place theory

Explanation of how the distribution of cites of different sizes across a region; uses consumer behavior related to purchasing goods to explain the distribution of settlements; Proposed by Water Christaller, 1933.

Central place

A location where people go to receive goods and services.

Market area

Zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, that surrounds each central place.

Reason hexagonal hinterlands are used

Christaller chose hexagons because in a square the corners are the farthest point away and circles will overlap and miss a few spots, too. Which is why hexagons cover the central place to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region.

threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular to exist and remain profitable.

Range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services.

Limitations of central place theory

Assumes a physical world that is flat, and featureless. Doesn't take into account physical landscapes, mountains, rivers influence on the distribution of cities; ignores impact of transportation systems and availability of transport ion could expand market area.

Main functions that all urban models share

Classifying and categorizing land use in urban area; Describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially; Offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses.

Functional zonation

Idea that portions of an urban area—regions or zones, within a city— have specific and distinct purposes.

3 zones that urban models share

CBD, Industrial/commercial, residential.

Central Business District(CBD)

Commercial heart of a city; focus of transportation and services.

Bid-rent theory

Explains agricultural land use and the utilization of land use in CBD's. States that land in the center of a city will have higher value than land farther away from the CBD. Meaning that land use will be more intense and cost more closer to CBD and high-order services exist there.

Industrial/Commercial Zone

Zone outside the CBD is dedicated to industry; includes manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation; Generally separated from residential due to pollution and noise

Commensal relationship

When commercial interests benefit each other. EX. Restraints and theaters benefit by being in the same zone.

Residential Zone

Areas where people live; All cities have. Generally separate from CBD and industrial zones.

3 models that describe typical urban areas in NA

Concentric zone, sector, and multi-nuclei models. All based upon city of Chicago.

Concentric Zone Model

Proposed by E. W. Burgess in 1920s; Models a city as a sets of rings that surrounds a CBD; 1st ring=transition zone(industrial uses w/ low-cost housing). Outer 3 are residential.

Sector Model

Proposed by Homer Hoyt in 1930; Models a city as wedges that represent different types of land use and housing that grew outward from the CBD.

Multi-Nuclei Model

Proposed by Harris and Ullman in 1940s; Models suggests that functional zonation occurred around many nodes. Resulting in a city that consists of a patchwork of land uses with its own nuclei.

Nodes

Centers of land use that attracted or repelled certain type of activity.

Peripheral model

Variant of multi-nuclei; comes from the role that service nodes and suburbs play in the development of the periphery of a city; Suburban neighborhoods surrounding inner city and surrounded by nodes of commerce along a beltway(ring road).

Galactic city model

Proposed by Harris; where CBD is eventually surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimics its function; Eventually growing large enough to become edge cities.

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship; centers of an Islamic city