Unit 5 - Hereditary (AP BIO)

Prophase 1

homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to genetic variation in gametes.

Metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes line of the metaphase plate

• independent assortment: random distribution pairs for alleles

Anaphase 1

homologous chromsomes seperate move to other sides

Telophase 1

nucleur enevlope forms around HAPOLID daughter cells

Prophase 2

sister chromatids pair up and start to slign

Metaphase 2

sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate

Anaphase 2

sister chromatids seperate to other sides

Telophase 2

nucleus envelope forms around the HAPLOID daughter cells

Mitosis VS Meosis

Mitosis

• produce diploid cells

• genetically identical

• 1 round of DNA replication

• 1 round of nucleus division

Meosis:

• produce haploid cells

• genetically different

• 1 round of DNA replication

• 2 rounds of nucleus division

Non-Mendelian Genetics

codominance, complete domiance, and incomplete dominance

Incomplete dominance

a blend between two dominant traits

Complete dominance

one gene completely hides the effect on another when pair together

codominance

both genes are fully expressed in the trait

linked genes

Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

polygentic traits

Traits that are controlled by two or more genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes.

epistasis

one gene’s expression modifies/masks the effect of another gene

Mendelian genetics

mitchondrial, y-linked, sex-linked, and autosomal

Sex-linked Reccesive

all affected mothers give must pass the trait to their sons

sex-linked dominant

all affected father’s must pass the trait to their daughters

autosomal recessive

2 copies of mutated alleles are needed for trait to appear

• affect males and females equalls

• skips generation

autosomal dominant

only one copy of mutated allele is need for trait to appear

• affects male & females equally

• shows in every generation

Y-linked

all affected daughters must pass the trait to their son

Mitchondrial

all affected mothers must pass the trait to all her children

Enviromental factors

phenotype plasticity - allowing one genotype to produce more than one phenotype

same genotype can result in many phenotypes due to environmental changes

environmental factor influences how genes are expressed

hro

3 chromsomal inheritance

law of segregation, indpendent asssortment, and fertilization

law of segregation

seperation of alleles during gamete formation

indepedent assortment

alleles of different genes are distributed randomly

• more possible combinations

feritlization

any genetically unique male sperm can join w/any genetically unique female egg

• producing offsprings with variety of combinations for chromsomes