Honors Body Systems and Disorders - Semester One Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to body systems and disorders based on the semester one review notes, including anatomical planes, tissue types, functions, and skin conditions.

What are the anatomical planes used in the human body?

The anatomical planes are the sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes.

Define the term 'Anterior'.

Anterior means situated toward the front of the body.

Define the term 'Posterior'.

Posterior means situated toward the back of the body.

Define the term 'Superior'.

Superior means situated above or higher than something else.

Define the term 'Inferior'.

Inferior means situated below or lower than something else.

Define the term 'Proximal'.

Proximal means situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.

Define the term 'Distal'.

Distal means situated further away from the center of the body or the point of attachment.

Define the term 'Medial'.

Medial means situated toward the midline of the body.

Define the term 'Lateral'.

Lateral means situated to the side of the body, away from the midline.

Define the term 'Cephalic'.

Cephalic means relating to the head.

Define the term 'Caudal'.

Caudal means relating to the tail or toward the feet.

Define the term 'Superficial'.

Superficial means situated near the surface of the body.

Define the term 'Deep'.

Deep means situated away from the surface of the body.

Define the term 'Ipsilateral'.

Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body.

Define the term 'Contralateral'.

Contralateral means on the opposite side of the body.

What is anatomical position?

Anatomical position is a standard position of the body where the person stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

What are the two main cavity divisions of the human body?

The two main cavity divisions are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

What are the subdivisions of the anterior cavity?

The subdivisions of the anterior cavity are the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What are the subdivisions of the posterior cavity?

The subdivisions of the posterior cavity are the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

The subdivisions of the thoracic cavity are the pleural cavities and the mediastinum.

What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

The subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity are the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

How is epithelial tissue classified?

Epithelial tissue is classified by the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).

How is connective tissue classified?

Connective tissue is classified into loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

What are the three types of muscle and their distinguishing features?

The three types of muscle are: 1) Skeletal muscle (voluntary and striated), 2) Cardiac muscle (involuntary and striated), and 3) Smooth muscle (involuntary and non-striated).

What are the four types of tissue and their functions?

The four types of tissue are: Epithelial (covering and lining), Connective (support and protection), Muscle (movement), and Nervous (communication).

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

What structures are contained in the cell’s nucleus?

The cell's nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) and the nucleolus.

What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and does not have ribosomes.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Mitosis is the division of the __.

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus.

List the four phases of mitosis in the correct order.

The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Where is keratinized epithelial tissue found?

Keratinized epithelial tissue is found in the skin.

What is the function of Keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes produce keratin, providing protection and waterproofing to the skin.

What is the function of Langerhan Cells?

Langerhan Cells are involved in immune response in the skin.

What is the function of Melanocytes?

Melanocytes produce melanin, which gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.

Which layer of the integumentary system contains the accessory organs?

The dermis contains the accessory organs of the integumentary system.

What form of skin cancer does not spread?

Basal cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer that does not typically spread.

What is the most deadly form of skin cancer?

Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer.

Describe the degrees of a burn and the structures involved.

First Degree - affects only the epidermis; Second Degree - affects the epidermis and part of the dermis; Third Degree - affects all layers of skin; Fourth Degree - goes into deeper tissues such as muscles or bones.

What is an Autograft?

An Autograft is a graft taken from one part of a person's body and transplanted to another part.

What is a Heterograft?

A Heterograft is a graft taken from a different species.

What is a Homograft?

A Homograft is a graft taken from a donor of the same species.

What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, while osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells.

Describe the three structural classifications of joints.

The three structural classifications of joints are fibrous (connected by fibers), cartilaginous (connected by cartilage), and synovial (with a fluid-filled cavity).

List and provide examples for six types of synovial joints.

Examples of six types of synovial joints include: 1) Ball-and-socket (shoulder), 2) Hinge (elbow), 3) Pivot (neck), 4) Condyloid (wrist), 5) Saddle (thumb), 6) Gliding (vertebrae).

List and describe the six types of bone fractures.

The six types of bone fractures are: 1) Simple (closed), 2) Compound (open), 3) Comminuted, 4) Greenstick, 5) Spiral, 6) Impacted.

What are the macrostructures of the muscles and their functions?

Muscle Fiber - the basic unit; Fascicle - a bundle of muscle fibers; Epimysium - outer layer covering the whole muscle; Perimysium - surrounds fascicles; Endomysium - surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Explain the difference between a muscle origin and insertion.

The origin is the attachment point of a muscle that remains stationary during contraction, while the insertion is the attachment point that moves.

What bones did we discuss in class?

Specific names of bones discussed in class should be referred to from lecture materials.

What are the tarsals and carpal bones?

Tarsals include the calcaneus and talus; carpals include the scaphoid and lunate.

What muscles did we discuss in class?

Specific names of muscles discussed in class should be referred to from lecture materials.