lecture ch nineteen: blood
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46 Terms
What are the three main functions of blood
Transportation regulation and protection
What is the normal temperature and pH of blood
38°C ( 100° F) and pH 7.35–7.45
What is plasma
The liquid portion of blood containing a high concentration of proteins
What percentage of whole blood is plasma
55%
What are albumins and what do they do
makes up 60% of plasma proteins that maintain osmotic pressure and transport fatty acids and hormones
What are globulins and what do they do
makes up 35% of plasma proteins that include antibodies and transport hormones and ions
What is fibrinogen and what is its role
4% of plasma protein converted into fibrin for blood clotting
What are red blood cells
Anucleated cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
What percentage of formed elements are RBCs
99%
How long do RBCs live
About 120 days
Why is the biconcave shape of RBCs important
Increases surface area flexibility and stackability
What is hemoglobin
A protein with four chains each containing heme and iron that binds oxygen
What is oxyhemoglobin
Bright red hemoglobin bound to oxygen
What is deoxyhemoglobin
Dark red hemoglobin without oxygen
What happens to hemoglobin when RBCs rupture
Iron is recycled and heme becomes bilirubin
What determines blood type
The antigens present on RBC membranes
What antigens and antibodies does Type A blood have
A antigens and anti‑B antibodies
What antigens and antibodies does Type B blood have
B antigens and anti‑A antibodies
What antigens and antibodies does Type AB blood have
A and B antigens and no antibodies
What antigens and antibodies does Type O blood have
No antigens and anti‑A and anti‑B antibodies
What is erythropoiesis
The formation of red blood cells
Where does erythropoiesis occur
Red bone marrow
What hormone stimulates RBC production
Erythropoietin
What are white blood cells
Immune cells that defend the body against pathogens
What percentage of formed elements are WBCs
Less than 0.1%
What is diapedesis
The movement of WBCs through vessel walls
What is chemotaxis
The movement of WBCs toward chemical signals at injury sites
Which WBCs are granulocytes
Neutrophils eosinophils basophils
Which WBCs are agranulocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
What are neutrophils and what do they do
Mobile phagocytic cells that attack pathogens
What are eosinophils and what do they do
Cells that phagocytose pathogens and participate in allergic reactions
What are basophils and what do they release
Cells that release histamine and heparin during inflammation
What are monocytes and what do they become
Large cells that become macrophages in tissues
What are lymphocytes and what do they do
Cells involved in specific immunity including T cells B cells and NK cells
What is leukopoiesis
The formation of white blood cells
What stimulates leukopoiesis
Colony‑stimulating factors (CSF)
What are platelets
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting
How long do platelets circulate
9–12 days
What is thrombocytopoiesis
The formation of platelets
What cells produce platelets
Megakaryocytes
What hormone stimulates platelet production
Thrombopoietin
What happens during the vascular phase
A vascular spasm occurs and endothelium becomes sticky
What happens during the platelet phase
Platelets stick to the injury site and form a platelet plug
What happens during the coagulation phase
Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin to form a clot
What is clot retraction
The pulling together of vessel edges to reduce bleeding and aid repair
What is fibrinolysis
The enzymatic breakdown of fibrin to dissolve a clot
