ANSC 150 Quiz 8

Nutrition and feed lab

What are the two types of vitamins?

Water soluble and fat soluble

What vitamins are water soluble?

Vitamin B group and Vitamin C

What vitamins are fat soluble?

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K

What does it mean to be a water soluble vitamin?

• Absorbed directly into blood

• Travel Freely

• Circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body

• Kidneys detect and remove excess urine

• Possible to reach toxic levels when consumed in supplements

• Needed in frequent doses

What does it mean to be a fat soluble vitamin?

• Absorbed first into the lymph then the blood

• Many require protein carriers

• Stored in cells associated with fat

• Less readily excreted; tend to remain in fat storage sites

• Likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in supplements

• Needed in periodic doses

Why is vitamin A needed?

Required for development of the retina in the eye

Required for gene transcription

Found in a plant (carotene) and animal products

Most domestic animals receive vitamin A supplementation

Mostly needed in winter and with poor quality forages

Why is vitamin D needed?

Produced in skin after exposure to ultraviolet light

Milk and cereals for human consumption are fortified

Most domestic animals receive supplements

Promotes intestinal calcium absorption (role in bone development)

Enhances immune function (activates natural killer cells)

Why is vitamin E needed?

Antioxidant

Stops production of reactive oxygen species or free radicals

Maintains epithetical cells and thus, alopecia and retained placenta

Why is vitamin K needed?

Made by bacteria in the rumen and then absorbed by intestine

Role in blood clotting

Found in green leafy plants

Deficiency is rare but leads to excessive bleeding and anemia

What are water soluble vitamins function?

Made by bacteria in the rumen and then absorbed by intestine

Also important for a variety of physiological functions

Regulate metabolism

Deficiency leads to disease

What is the function of B vitamins?

Improve growth

What is the function of vitamin C?

Scurvy (when deficient)

Important for collagen synthesis in humans

Spotty skin, spongy gums, mucous membrane bleeding

Depression and pale appearance

Where do we get vitamins?

Vitamin content of common feedstuffs will vary greatly

All vitamins can be isolated, synthesized, or otherwise gathered for commercially prepared supplements

Mixed in ration or supplemented with blocks, lick wheels, or powders

What is the function of minerals?

Specific set of inorganic elements

Nesscary for life

Constitutes of bone and teeth

Part of the body’s enzyme systems

Where do we get minerals?

Mineral supplements are provided in slat, trace mineralized salt, oyster shells, limestone or bone meal, mineralized molasses, lick wheels, and mineral blocks

Which minerals are classified as macrominerals?

Calcium, potassium, chlorine, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur 4 and magnesium

How are the macrominerals grouped by?

Bone minerals - Ca, P, Mg

Electrolyte Minerals - Na, Cl, K

Structural minteral - S

What minerals are classified as microminerals?

Chromium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, and manganese

What are the functions of a protein?

Composed of long chains of amino acids

Used for: lean tissue growth, enzymes, hormones, and body metabolites

Animals typically require small amounts of protein

Protein consumption is required to make proteins

More is required for the growth of young animals

Mature animals may need supplementation during pregnancy and lactation

What acronym do we use to remember essential amino acids?

PVT TIM HALL

Private Tim Hall

What are the essential amino acids?

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

Where do animals receive their protein needs?

Feedstuffs high in protein from animals or plants. (fishmeal, soybean meal, alfalfa meal, dried skim milk)

What are fats?

Also called lipids

Chemically fats are triglycerides composed of alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids attached

Main constituent of vegetable and animal fats

What is the function of fats?

Fats are high in energy

2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates

Carry fat soluble vitamins

Where do animals receive fats?

Tallow, Lard, and various vegetable oils

What are the essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

arachidonic acid 3 (not always considered essential)

What are the two classifacations of feed?

Roughages/forages

Concentrates

What are values of a representative sample?

• Laboratory analysis are only as good as the sample

• Poor samples give misleading information

• Poorly formulated rations result in excessive feed costs and reduced animal performance

• Proper sampling techniques assure representative feed samples

How do you sample forages?

Penn State Forage Sampler

Used to ‘bore’ into the hay and retrieve a core sample

Sample should be representative of the entire hay bale

How do you collect a grain sample?

Grain trier

Used to sample grain from bags, trucks, rail cars, and barges

Triers range from 1’ to 12’ long

What does the Penn State Particle Seperator do?

Determines distribution of particle size in a total mixed ration

Determines particles buoyant in the rumen for cud chewing

Large forage products produce saliva which contains buffer

Smaller grain products are necessary, but may lead to acidosis

What is used to test the moisture in feeds?

Koster Moisture tester

What does the Koster Moisture tester do?

Allows for on farm analysis

100g wet feed heated for 30 minutes

Determines % moisture in feed