MOLA Unit 2 Test

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45 Terms

1

Creolization

The blending of cultural influences from colonizers and indigenous populations to create new cultural forms, especially evident in music, cuisine, language, and religion, leading to hybrid identities.

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2

Nationalism

A political ideology focusing on a nation's interests and culture, often opposing foreign influence, influencing unique musical styles and intersecting with other ideologies, affecting Class Dynamics and Creolization.

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3

Class Dynamics

The social hierarchy and interactions among different social classes within a society. Historically, class dynamics have been influenced by factors such as economic status, ethnicity, and power, shaping societal structures through various periods and events, including colonization, industrialization, and globalization.

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4
Bata

A type of Afro-Cuban drum associated with religious music and ceremonies, typically played alongside other instruments such as the bell and the shekere.

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5
Marimba

A percussion instrument consisting of wooden bars struck with mallets, originating from African musical traditions, commonly accompanied by drums and sometimes accompanied by a bass guitar.

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6
Liberation Theology
A movement in Christian theology that emphasizes social justice and the liberation of the oppressed.
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7
Son Clave
A fundamental rhythmic pattern used in Afro-Cuban music, particularly in genres like son, salsa, and rumba.
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8
Rumba

A secular music genre that originated in Afro-Cuban communities, characterized by its complex rhythms and call-response patterns, usually featuring instruments like quintos, tumbadora, and cata.

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9
Salsa

A Latin music genre that combines elements of Cuban son with influences from jazz and other Latin American music styles, typically including instruments such as trumpets, trombones, piano, congas, and clave.

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10
Joropo

Sub-genre of Musica Llanera. Promoted by gov’t. A musical genre and dance form from Venezuela that incorporates elements of African, Indigenous, and Spanish cultures, often featuring the harp, cuatro, and maracas.

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11
Cuban Sones

A musical genre from Cuba that blends Spanish and African musical elements, often accompanied by claves, tres (like guitar), and traditional percussion like the bongo.

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12
Merengue

A Dominican musical genre characterized by its fast tempo and instrumentation, often associated with dance, typically using instruments such as the accordion, saxophone/trumpets (modern), and percussion instruments like the tambora.

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13
Bossa Nova

A Brazilian music genre that combines samba rhythms with jazz influences, characterized by its smooth style and commonly using nylon-string guitars, piano, and soft percussion.

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14
Samba

A Brazilian music and dance genre known for its rhythmic and lively character, stemming from African roots, typically incorporating instruments such as the surdo, tamborim, and agogo.

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15
MĂșsica Llanera

Music from the plains of Venezuela, notable for its joropo genre, characterized by vocal and instrumental improvisation, commonly using instruments like the arpa llanera, cuatro, and maracas.

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16
Beny Moré
A renowned Cuban singer and bandleader, known for his contributions to son cubano and other genres.
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17
Arsenio RodrĂ­guez
A Cuban musician and composer credited with developing the son montuno style, foundational to modern salsa.
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18

Maya Cultures

  • Indigenous civilizations in Mesoamerica known for advanced architecture, astronomy, and music.

  • Traditional music includes marimba and ceremonial percussion.

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19

Marimba (de tecomates, sencilla, doble)

  • Marimba de tecomates: Early form using gourds for resonators.

  • Marimba sencilla: A single-row wooden-key instrument.

  • Marimba doble: A chromatic, two-row version with metal resonators.

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20

Garifunas

  • Afro-Indigenous group in Central America, particularly in Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala.

  • Known for punta music, featuring call-and-response vocals and lively drumming.

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21

Punta

  • A dance and music style of the Garifuna people.

  • Features fast-paced drumming and syncopated rhythms.

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22

Sandinistas

  • A leftist political movement in Nicaragua that overthrew the Somoza dictatorship.

  • Music linked to revolutionary folk songs

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23

Llanos/Llanero

  • Llanos: The plains region of Venezuela and Colombia.

  • Llanero: The cowboy culture, associated with joropo music.

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24

Afro-Venezuelan Music

Music with African influence, including drumming traditions like tambores de Barlovento. Ex: Gaita

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25

El Sistema

  • A Venezuelan youth orchestra program founded by JosĂ© Antonio Abreu.

  • Helps underprivileged children through music education.

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26

Gustavo Dudamel

  • Venezuelan conductor who emerged from El Sistema.

  • Became the music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

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27

Colonial History of the Caribbean

European colonization of the Caribbean led to the fusion of African, Indigenous, and European cultures.

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28

Orishas

  • Deities in SanterĂ­a, derived from Yoruba religious traditions.

  • Examples include ElegguĂĄ (trickster deity) and OggĂșn (warrior god).

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29

SanterĂ­a/Regla de Ocha

  • Afro-Cuban religion blending Yoruba beliefs with Catholicism.

  • Features drumming rituals and spiritual possession

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30

Montuno

A repeating, syncopated piano or guitar pattern in Cuban son and salsa.

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31

Fania Records

  • The record label that popularized salsa music in the 1970s.

  • Home to artists like Celia Cruz and Willie ColĂłn.

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32

Timbales

  • A type of shallow, tuned drum used in salsa and Cuban music.

  • Played with sticks and often accompanied by cowbells.

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33

Celia Cruz

The "Queen of Salsa," a Cuban-American singer known for hits like Ritmo en el Corazon.

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34

Ray Barretto

  • A Puerto Rican-American salsa percussionist.

  • Known for Acid and Ritmo en el CorazĂłn.

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35

Bumba-meu-boi

A Brazilian folkloric performance blending Indigenous, African, and Portuguese traditions.

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36

ForrĂł

  • A dance and music style from Northeastern Brazil.

  • Uses accordion, zabumba, and triangle.

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37

MĂșsica Sertaneja/Nordestina

Brazilian country music, often featuring acoustic guitar and vocal harmonies.

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38

Candomblé

Afro-Brazilian religion similar to SanterĂ­a, involving drumming and spirit possession.

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39

Capoeira

  • A martial art combining dance, acrobatics, and music.

  • Uses the berimbau, a single-string percussion instrument.

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40

Berimbau

  • A bow-like instrument used in capoeira.

  • Produces different tones depending on how it is struck.

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41

Choro

  • A Brazilian instrumental genre with fast melodies and syncopation.

  • Features flute, cavaquinho, and guitar.

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42

MPB (MĂșsica Popular Brasileira)

  • An umbrella genre that fuses many Brazilian genres into one

    • Samba, Bossa Nova, Choro, Forro, Axe

  • Deeply poetic and political lyrics

  • Rich instrumentation (guitars, percussion, horns)

  • Smooth yet experimental sound

  • Essentially the “indie alternative” genre of Brazilian music

  • Artists include Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil.

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43

Samba Reggae

  • A fusion of samba with Afro-Caribbean influences.

  • Originated in Salvador, Bahia.

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44

Axé Music

  • A high-energy, percussion-driven genre from Bahia (Samba).

  • Popularized by artists like Daniela Mercury.

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45

Gaita

A traditional Afro-Venezuelan music genre characterized by its unique rhythms and use of instruments like the furro, cuatro, and maracas, commonly associated with the Christmas season.

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