Mrs. Jones Unit 2 Vocabulary

95 Theses

**Luther’s complaints against the Catholic Church; not written as a desire to break away from the church, but rather as a plea for the Church to change its ways**

Age of Exploration

**Time where Europe decided to go West in efforts to find a trade route to India**

Printing Press

**Improved by Johannes Gutenberg; had moveable type; allowed people to create books much faster and spread ideas faster as well**

Indulgences

**Paying money to reduce your time and/or a family members time in purgatory**

Purgatory

**Roman Catholic doctrine- a place inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; not hell; individuals will eventually make it to heaven**

Council of Trent

**Unified the Catholic Church under the pope; reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, got rid of indulgences and rejected Protestant beliefs**

Middle Passage

**Part of the Atlantic System; journey from Africa to the Americas where many slaves died**

\

Conquistador

**Spanish conquerors of the Americas who were known for being ruthless and greedy-Examples Cortes, Pizarro**

\

Columbian Trade/Exchange

**The exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and cultures between the “Old World” Europe and the “New World” Americas**

\

Renaissance

**A rebirth of ideas-typically of ancient Roman and Greek thought**

\

Jamestown

**The first successful BRITISH colony in the Americas; created for economic reasons**

\

Mercantilism

**The idea that the wealth/success of a nation depends on having a great deal of silver, gold, and colonies to provide raw materials to the mother country**

\

Feudalism

Social system in medieval Europe

Nobility held lands from the king in exchange for military service

Vassals were tenants of the nobles

Peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him labor and a share of the produce in exchange for military protection.

Secular

Worldly knowledgeable, enjoyed material goods, questioned Catholic Church, BUT still religious

Vernacular

Language spoken in everyday life; not Latin

English, Spanish, Italian, etc

The Prince

**Example of vernacular; Written by Machiavelli; said that rulers should do whatever it takes to stay in power; the end justifies the means**

\

Humanism

**Intellectual movement that placed an emphasis on individual achievement**

\

Martin Luther

**Leader of the Protestant Reformation-wrote the 95 Theses**

\

Protestant Reformation

**Religious movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups**

\

“Renaissance Man”

**To be good at many things; focus on secular ideas, but usually still religious**

\

Janissaries

Elite soldiers of the Ottoman Empire; Were originally kidnaped Christian boys

Sultan

King especially of a Muslim state.

Mosques

Building used for public worship by Muslims

Examples: Haiga Sofia and Al Haram

Vizier

High executive officer of the Ottoman Empire; advisor to the sultan

Harem

Women in a Muslim household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, and servants; had some freedoms, but could not leave

\

Tributary System

Payment of raw materials and manufactured goods for protection

\

Terrace Farming

Mayan farming tactic used to make the most out of the mountainous terrain

Chinampas

Floating gardens used to feed the large population of Aztecs

\

Corvee Labor

Bound to work on the land to pay taxes

Encomienda System

Spanish colonists given large plots of land and the natives who lived there. Natives were then forced to work the land for the colonists

Praying towns

In the British colonies of North America. British settlers would force conversion of the Natives to Christianity.