Social Gospel

The Social Gospel was a religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to apply Christian ethics to social problems.

Social Gospel

The Social Gospel was a religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to apply Christian ethics to social problems.

Muckrakers

Popular journalists who used publicity to expose corruption and attack abuses of power in business and government.

Initiative/referendum/recall

tools of direct democracy, allowing citizens to directly propose new laws (initiative), vote to approve or reject a law passed by the legislature (referendum), or remove an elected official from office through a special election (recall),

Muller V Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood.

Lochner v. New York

A setback from labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

A fire in 1911 in New York City's Triangle Shirtwaist company. 146 workers, mostly young women, were killed.

Elkins Act

The Elkins Act of 1903 was created to stop the practice of railroad rebates

Ida Tarbell

Ida Tarbell, a pioneering investigative journalist, had a profound impact on society through her exposé of the Standard Oil Company, published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine between 1902 and 1904. Her meticulous research and clear writing laid bare the ruthless business practices of John D.Rockefeller, leading to public outcry and eventually the breakup of the monopoly.

Meat Inspection Act  

a piece of legislation passed in 1906 that mandated federal inspection of meat products, aiming to ensure sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and protect consumers from contaminated or misbranded meat

Pure Food & Drug Act

prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

 Dollar Diplomacy

exerting financial power as a form of imperialism. This occurred in the United States during William Howard Taft's presidency between 1909 and 1913.

  Payne-Aldrich Bill

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed in 1909 in response to a call from U.S. President William Howard Taft for a reduction in tariff rates.

New Nationalism

Progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt, the 1912 Progressive party platform, who favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs.

 New Freedom

a domestic policy program that aimed to promote economic reform and enhance individual freedoms by reducing the power of monopolies and regulating big businesses.

Eugene Debs 

a prominent American labor leader and political activist, known for his role in founding the Industrial Workers of the World

  Jacob Riis

Danish-American journalist, photographer, and social reformer. He is known for his work exposing the poor living conditions in New York City slums.

Florence Kelley

a social reformer who fought for the rights of working women and children. She was a leader in the progressive reform movement and influenced many social movements in the United States. 

John Muir

Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Henry Demarest Lloyd 

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Australian Ballot

a voting method in which a voter's identity in an election or a referendum is anonymous.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

a resplendent glacier carved valley, with towering cliffs and waterfalls cascading onto a serene valley floor. Pioneer conservationist John Muir called it a “remarkably exact counterpart” to the now world-famous Yosemite Valley – 15 miles to its south.

Brownsville Affaie

When a white bartender was killed and a white police officer wounded by gunshots one night, townspeople accused the members of the African-American 25th Infantry Regiment. Although their commanders said the soldiers had been in the barracks all night, evidence was allegedly planted against the men.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them.

Underwood tariff

This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax.

 Federal Reserve Act

established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, to provide the country with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system.

Clayton antitrust act

introduced provisions against specific unfair business practices, including price discrimination, tying arrangements, and mergers that may substantially lessen competition.

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

a piece of legislation that provided financial assistance to federal employees who were injured on the job,

Adamson Act

established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime.

 Jones Act

The act that granted the Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved.

U Boats

German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone.

Lusitania

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans,

Zimmerman Telegram

A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

 Fourteen Points

Wilson's Fourteen Points were a set of principles proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations to end World War I.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Its functions were to release news of the government, issue information to sustain domestic morale, and to publicize America abroad

Espionage Acr

a federal law passed in 1917 during World War I that criminalized the act of obtaining or sharing information that could potentially harm the United States military effort,

 Schenck v. US

a landmark Supreme Court case from 1919 where the court established the "clear and present danger" test, ruling that speech can be restricted if it creates a significant threat to national security

  War Industries Board

The main purpose of the War Industries Board was to regulate production and manufacturing, as well as allocation of wartime goods.

Industrial Workers of the World

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was a radical labor union founded in 1905 that aimed to unite all workers under one big union.

Great Migration

The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North, which held promises of jobs, during and after World War I.

 19th Amendment

officially prohibiting any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex

  League of Nations     

The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I, forcing Germany to accept blame for the war, pay large reparations, lose territory, and significantly reduce its military capabilities