anatomical terms 1

M1 WAFL 1

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right; medial to lateral axis

flexion/extension
dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
forward/backward

frontal plane

divides body into front and back; also called coronal plane
anterior to posterior axis

abduction/adduction
lateral flexion
eversion/inversion
ulnar deviation of wrist
radial deviation of wrist
forward/backward

transverse plane

divides body into top and bottom; horizontal plane;
vertical / superior to inferior axis

interal/external rotation
horizontal abduction/adduction (& of foot)
spinal rotation
pronation
supination

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, dorsum of feet

anterior

front or in the forward part of body

posterior

behind or toward back of the body

superior

over; having higher position

also called cranial/cephald

inferior

below; having lower position

dorsal

pertaining to back surface of body
specifically used for hands/feet

ventral

toward the belly surface
same to anterior if in anatomical position

dorsum of hand

back/posterior side of hand

dorsum of foot

top surface of foot

plantar

bottom of foot

palmar

front/palm side

medial

toward middle of midline of body

lateral

toward side or away from midline

ulnar

side of hand with ulna (also medial side of hand)

radial

side of hand with radius (also lateral side of hand)

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

cranial

cephalad; towards to head

caudal

toward the tail end

proximal

nearest to point of attachment/origin/center of body

distal

farthest from the point of attachment/origin/center of body

arm

shoulder to elbow

forearm

elbow to wrist

thigh

hip to knee

leg

knee to ankle

origin

proximal and fixed attachment point of muscle;
remains relatively stationary during contraction
anchor which the muscle generates force

insertion

place of attachment of a muscle to bone that it moves;
the mobile portion during contraction

muscle contraction

activation; shortening or increase in tension

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens; greater force; less energy

more efficient for controlling movement

concentric contraction

Muscle shortens while generating force.

isometric contraction

increase in muscle tension while length remains the same;
important for posture and stability

agonist

primary movers; force generators;

muscle group that is most directly responsible for initation of movement

antagonist

muscle/ group that has the opposite action of the agonist;

cruical for coordinated movement

synergist muscles

muscles that work together to do a movement

neutralizer

muscles that inhibit any secondary unwanted movements of the prime mover

prone

lying on stomach face down

supine

lying on back with legs extended; stomach Up

hooklying

lying on back with hips and knees flexed, feet flat on ground

lordosis

anterior spinal curvature; bend backward;

convex anteriorly
concave posteriorly

pelvic anterior tilt

kyphosis

posterior spinal curvature;
concave anteriorly
convex posteriorly

pelvic posterior tilt

lateral rotation

external rotation; turning anterior surface away from midline

medial rotation

internal rotation; turning anterior surface towards midline

abduction

movement away from median of body

adduction

movement towards median of body

horizontal abduction

horizontal extension; movement at shoulder in a TRANSVERSE plane in lateral & posterior direction

horizontal adduction

horizontal flexion; movement at shoulder in TRANSVERSE plane in a medial & anterior direction

flexion

bending a joint with 2 segments approaching each other; done in the sagittal plane

extension

straightening of a joint; done in sagittal plane

spinal flexion

moving the spine in a posterior direction; moving from anterior convexity to straight position;

forward bending of trunk

spinal extension

an increase in the anterior convexity, moving from straight line to anterior convexity position

backward bending of trunk

lateral flexion

side bending; spine curves convexly to the opposing side

asymmetry in pelvis; one crest of ilium is higher than the other

hyperextension

motion of a joint in the direction of extension beyond the normal range

pronation

combination of eversion. abduction, dorsiflexion

supination

combination of inversion, adduction, plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

toes point up; upper surface of foot approaches leg

plantarflexion

toes point down; increasing the angle between dorsum and leg

eversion

elevation of lateral border of foot while medial side goes down; plantar surface faces laterally;

outside of foot edge goes up

inversion

elevation of medial border of foot while lateral side goes down; plantar side faces medially;

outside of foot go down; walking on outside of foot

circumduction

complex movement that combines flexion/extension and adduction/abduction into a circular motion

ball and socket joints: shoulder and hip

varus

distal segment of limb is angled toward midline of body

varum (bow leg)

valgus

distal end of limb is angled away from midline of body

valgum (knock knee)

genu varum

bow legged

genu valgum

knock knee

anterior pelvic tilt

anterior superior iliac spines moved anteriorly; pushed butt back

associated with increased lumbar lordosis

posterior pelvic tilt

posterior superior iliac spines moves posteriorly through sagittal plane

associated with decreased lumbar curve

scapular adduction

scapula translates medially along rib cage; RETRACTION

scapula moving side to side towards midline

scapular abduction

scapula translates laterally along rib cage; PROTRACTION

scapular moves side to side away from midline

scapular lateral rotation

upward rotation; top of shoulder joint moves towards the head

inferior angle of scapula moves laterally

scapular medial rotation

downward rotation; top of shoulder joint moves towards tail

inferior angle of scapula moves medially

scapular elevation

scapula translates along ribcage in a vertical direction

shrugging shoulders up

scapular depression

scapula translates along ribcage in a vertical direction

shrugging shoulders down

scapular anterior tilt

scapula coracoid moves anteriorly and caudally
inferior angle moves posteriorly and cranially
occurs in sagittal plane and medial axis

karate chop motion

scapular posterior tilt

scapula coracoid moves posteriorly and cranially
inferior angle moves anteriorly and caudally

occurs in sagittal plane and medial axis

scapular internal rotation

scapula lateral border moves anteromedially
vertical axis at AC joint

like giving yourself a pat on the back

scapular external rotation

scapula lateral border moves posterolaterally
vertical axis at AC joint

scapular winging

vertebral border of scapula moves excessively posterior and laterally away from ribcage

clavicular elevation

distal end of clavicle moves superiorly and occurs when arm is raised

clavicular depression

distal end of clavicle moves inferiorly and occurs when arm is lowered

clavicular protraction

distal end of clavicle moves anteriorly; scapular abduction

raising arm anteriorly

synergist with scapular abduction/protraction

clavicular retraction

distal end of clavicle moves posteriorly; scapular adduction

synergist with scapular adduction/retraction

Clavicular Posterior Longitudinal Rotation

clavicle rotates posteriorly around the vertical axis (transverse plane)

occurs at sternoclavicular joint when arm is raised overhead

opposition

movement of thumb to other fingertips

thumb flexion

thumb touches surface of palm

occurs in frontal plane

radial abduction

thumb extension, thumb moves away from the hand, frontal plane

palmar abduction

thumb moves away from palm in sagittal plane

palmar adduction

thumb moves toward palm in sagittal plane