Test 2 Content

perimysium

middle layer, wraps fascicles, connective fiber sheath

endomysium

innermost, between fibers

epimysium

lines the outside of skeletal muscle, perimysium bundles with blood vesicles and fascia

myosin

thick filaments, on m line in h zone of sarcomere

actin

thin filaments, in I band, off shoot of z disc on sarcomere

elastic tinin filament

on I band, offshoot of z disc

type 1 muscle fibers

slow twitch, doesn't fatuous, high mitochondria, high blood, high myoglobin, larger, in back and soles

type 2 fibers

fast twitch, fatigues, less mitochondria, in legs and arms

fast twitch types

slow fast and fast fast

tear in rotator cuff muscles

due to sudden stop or shoulder drop

isotonic contraction

same mixture, build up muscle units, at the end of muscle

isometric contraction

same measure, same size when contracting and not moving, start of muscle

eccentric contraction

slowly relaxing, more energy than concentric

concentric contraction

layers, builds on, shorten as contract

trunk and common

large artery that branches

muscle week 4

myotome grows into limb buds, cells fuse to make multinucleated cell

limb buds become

skeletal muscle

z disc

holds actin and elastic filaments together

I bands

has thin filaments, shrinks with contraction

A band

has interlocking myosin and actin

M line

only holds myosin

compartment syndrome

CT covered muscle is inflammed, causing artery cut off and nerve compression

treatment of compartment syndrome

RICE, fasciotomy (cut outer CT)

bursitis

inflammation of bursa from overuse

bible bump

bursa expands near joint, causing ganglion cyst

muscles of facial expression innervation

facial nerve or cranial nerve 7

muscles of mastication innervation

trigeminal nerve or nerve 5

bones in temporal fossa

greater wings of sphenoid, frontal, parietal, sphenoid bone

above muscle origin and insertion

muscle belly, where contractive tissue is

pharyngeal constrictors innervation

vagus, glossopharyngeal, trigeminal

submandibular triangle

anterior digastric, stylohyoid, mandible

larynx

hyoid to thyroid cartilage

larynx elevation when swallowing

mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid

muscular triangle

both scms and posterior digastrics

carotid triangle

scm, anterior digastric, omohyoid superior

posterior triangle of neck

scm, clavicle, trapezius

iliocostalis

cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

erector spinae

iliocostalis, longissmis, spinalis

linea alba made of

dense regular ct

inspiration

lower pressure, high volume, diaphragm down

expiration

high pressure, low volume, diaphragm up

coughing

rapid forced expiration by transverse abdominis

forced inspiration

scm, scalenes

forced expiration

internal intercostals, external and internal oblique, transverse abdominis

urogenital triangle

superficial transverse perineal, median raphe, ishiocavernous

anal triangle

superficial transverse perineal, coccyx, median raphe

pectoral girdle

clavicle, scapula, humerus

rotator cuff muscles

stabilize scapula

large serratus anterior

in boxers and body builders

deltopectoral triangle

deltoid, pectorals major, clavicle

axilla

latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectorais major and minor

supraspinatus

prevents inferior dislocation

infraspinatus

prevents sliding forward

teres minor

prevents sliding upwards

subscapularis

prevents sliding backwards

synergy muscles to flex elbow

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

common flexor tendon muscles

pronator teres, flexor carpe ulnaris, palmares longus, flexor carpi radialis

anatomical snuff box

ligaments of extensor pollicus longus, adductor pollicus longus, find scaphoid bone

trigger finger

tendonitis causes tendon to get stuck

femoral triangle

adductor longus, sartorius, inguinal ligament, femoral hernia here

piriformis syndrome

compressed sciatic nerve, enlarged muscle, rest and ice treatment

IM injection inferior and posterior to iliac crest

gluteus maximus

hamstrings

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

flex knee

hamstrings, popliteus muscle

tibialis anterior antagonist

tibialis posterior

striated skeletal muscle

striated cardiac muscle

more mitochondria than skeletal, intercalated discs

areolar tissue

has elastic (thin) fibers, collagen (thick) fibers, fibroblasts

adipose tissue

has nuclear dots and large cells, energy source in areas with high oxygen

smooth muscle

no stripes and no sarcomeres, 1 nuclei per cell, low mitochondria

vein and artery

long vein and round artery

intercalated disc junctions

desmosome, gap junction

heart layers (in to out)

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium

endocardium tissue

simple squamous epithelial

myocardium

striated cardiac muscle

epicardium

simple squamous epithelium

pericardium

fibrous (outer) and serous (inner) layers, around myocardium

pericardial sac

fluid filled

evolution in neck

pharyngeal gill slits

heart location

in mediastinum, towards left in chest

sa node doesn’t work, av takes over

elongated qrs complex due to bundle branches blockage

leads on wrong side or situs inverses

has pulse, but one or more leads came off

positive charge on ekg

left side of heart

negative charge on ekg

right side of heart

SA firing rate

60 second

electrical heart components

sa node, av node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers

P wave

atrial depolarization, sa node fires

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization, AV node fires at beginning (PR), depolarization of qrs

T wave

ventricular repolarization

between p wave and qrs complex

atrial contraction

brady

slow

tachy

fast

myocardial infarction and rhabdomyolysis causes

high creatine kinase, high troponin, high lactate dehydrogenase, high myoglobin

between endocardium and myocardium

loose irregular ct

between myocardium and epicardium

areolar tissue

fibrous pericardium tissue

outer layer, dense irregular ct

serous pericardium

3 layers, parietal (outer) space in middle, and visceral (inner)

parietal serous pericardium

simple squamous and dense irregular ct