chem Exam 3 study guide

5 steps for performing a stoichiometric calculation

1-Balancing the equation

2-convert mass,gas volume or liquid volume to moles

3-identify the relationship that you want between the product and /or reactants write and equivekance statement for the relationship

4-convert the number of moles from the known quantity to the unknown quantity that you are solving for.Use the correct conversion factor from the equivalence statement

5-convert from moles to mass,gas,volume or liquid volume as requested in the problem

Percent Yield calculation

Actual Yeild/Theoretical Yeild X100%=% Yeild

Classification of solution

Gaseous

Liquid

Solid

Solvent

The component of the solution that is in greatest quantity

Solute

The component that are present in lesser amounts

Polar solvents

Polar solvents are made up of molecules that have a net dipole

Dissolves miscible other polar solvent

Nonpolar solvent

Nonpolar solvents are made up of molecules that do no have a net dipole like dissolves like rule-solvents

Dissolves miscible other non poplar solvents

Immiscible

The 2 solvents do no mix with each other .They will separate like oil and water

Miscible

The 2 solvents mix homogeneously with each other

Like dissolves like rule-solids

Polar and ionic solids and soluble in polar solvents

Nonpolar-solids are soluble only in Nonpolar solvents

Mass/mass present concentrations

Mass of solute/mass of solution X100% and %(m/m)

Mass of solution

Mass of solvent + mass of solute (S)=mass of solution

Molar concentration

Moles per liter

Dilution Equation

M1V1=M2M2

The unit and concentration (M) can be anything BUT they must be the same fore birth o9f the equation

pH scale

Less than 7.00 is acid

PH =7.00 is neutral

Grater than 7.00 is basic

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in ph.Hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonate ion control the ph in blood (sea water too)

Artemis’s Defintion of acid and base

An acid in water ionizes to Yeild H+ ions

A base in water ionizes to Yeild OH- ions

Strong acids

Ionizes completely in water

Weak acids

Ionizes only partially in water

Neutralization Reaction

Acid and bases react to form a salt and water

Bronsted-Lowry acid and base

Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor

Bronsted -Lowry is a proton acceptor

An amphiprotic compound is capable of donating and accepting a proton

Water is an amphiiprotic compound

Acid-base indicators

Change color with change in ph

Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons have only one single bond \

Suffix-and

Same general molecular formula

CnH2N+2

Alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbons has a double bond

Name using-ene ending

Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbon has a triple bond somewhere between two carbons

Name using-yne ending

Aromatic compounds

Benzene ring

Know about ortho meta&para prefixes for the position of two substituents on the benzene ring