Chapters 1 & 5 Diagram | Quizlet

Simple Squamous

Lines alveoli, endothelium and mesothelium

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Columnar

Ciliated Simple Columnar

Lines bronchioles and uterine tubes

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

Lines most of digestive tract

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

Found in large passageways of respiratory system

Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

Occurs mainly in male urethra and epididymis

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Found in epidermis

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Lines oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

Stratified Cuboidal

Forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands

Stratified Columnar

Found in large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra

Transitional Epithelium

Limited to urinary tract

Endocrine glands

Secretes into blood (no ducts); example includes pituitary and thyroid.

Exocrine glands

Secretes onto surface via ducts; examples include sweat, salivary, and mammary glands.

Anabolism

Small molecules joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Atoms

Smallest chemical unit

Molecules

Compromised of 2+ atoms

Macromolecules

Large, biologically important molecules.

Organelles

Components of eukaryotic cells that serve a specific role

Tissues

Similar cells performing common tasks.

Organ system

Related organs working together.

Organism

Formed from organ systems functioning together.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism by which a deviation in a variable is corrected.

Positive Feedback

A mechanism by which the body produces unstable conditions in the body temporarily to bring about homeostasis.

Receptors

Structures that monitor changes and provide information about changes.

Effectors

Muscles or glands that bring about the changes necessary to bring a variable back to its set point.

Chemistry

The composition of matter and how it changes

CHNOPS

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Polar

Hydrophilic and water soluble

Nonpolar

Hydrophobic and water insoluble

Solution

Uniform mixture of 2+ substances

Solvent

Medium in which substances are dispersed

Solute

The dispersed substances

Electrolytes

Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current

EX: sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, potassium

Neutral Solution

pH of 7

Acidic Solution

Presence of more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl (pH 0 to <7)

Basic Solution

Presence of more hydroxide ions than hydrogen (pH of >7 to 14)

Blood pH

7.35 to 7.45

Acidosis

Blood pH below 7.35

Alkalosis

Blood pH above 7.45

Carbohydrates

Macromolecule that provides energy for cellular activities

Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, galatose, ribose, deoxyribose

Disaccharides

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

Polysaccharides

Glycogen, starch

Lipids

Organic substances that are hydrophobic and water insoluble

Triglycerides

Supply energy for cellular function (3 fatty acids and a glycerol)

Saturated Fatty Acids

Single carbon-carbon bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

1+ double carbon-carbon bonds

Phospholipids

Important in cell structures such as plasma membranes (2 fatty acids, a glycerol and a phosphate group)

Steroids

Complex carbon ring structures

Cholesterol

A very important steroid used to synthesize sex hormones and several hormones from the adrenal gland

Proteins

Most abundant macromolecule and accounts for 20% of total body weight. Has a variety of functions such as structure, energy, hormones, receptors on cell membranes, antibodies, and enzymes

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins (typical protein contains 1000). 20 are found in the body and they bind together in polypeptide chains of <100 to >5000

Enzymes

Special proteins that lower activation energy (highly specific and end in -ase)

Denaturation

Change in a protein's tertiary or quaternary structure (leads to no function within a protein and can be caused by body temp above 110 degrees F)

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Double-stranded genetic material that contains a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and one of the four nitrogenous bases: cytosine, thymine, adenine, or guanine

Ribose Nucleic Acid

Single-stranded genetic material that contains a ribose sugar, a phosphate and one of the four nitrogenous bases: cytosine, uracil, adenine, or guanine

Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)

A high-energy compound that provides energy to power vital functions and contains a nucleotide, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates

Cells

Smallest living units and all have a membrane

Passive Transport

Requires no ATP

Diffusion

Movement of particles from higher to lower concentrations

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses a specialized protein to cross the membrane

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Hyperosmotic

More solute than water

Hypoosmotic

More water than solute

Isomotic

Equilibrium

Active Transport

Membrane proteins use cellular energy to transport substances

Endocytosis

Uptake of extracellular material into the cell

Exocytosis

Secretion of cellular contents to the outside of the cell by fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane

Cell Membrane

Outer, protective layer that surrounds the internal content of the cell

Mitosis

Cell division of somatic cells

Meiosis

Division of sex cells

Chromosome

Structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells; carries genetic information in the form of genes (Humans have 46, or 23 pairs)

Interphase

A major stage of the cell cycle that lasts approximately 23 hours

Mitotic Phase

A major stage of the cell cycle that lasts approximately 1 hour

Prophase

First stage of mitosis; chromatin condenses into chromosomes (2 sister chromatids), nucleolus breaks down, spindle fibers form from centrioles (which move to opposite poles), and nuclear envelope dissolves

Metaphase

Second stage of mitosis; spindle fibers attach to centromeres and chromosomes line up at the cell's equatorial plate

Anaphase

Third stage of mitosis; spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart toward opposite poles, and each chromatid becomes an individual single-stranded chromosome

Telophase

Fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes arrive at poles, uncoil into chromatin, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform, spindle breaks down—marks end of nuclear division

Cytokinesis

Final stage (often overlaps with anaphase/telophase); cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells, cleavage furrow forms via microfilaments pinching the cell in two

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

TERM

Mitochondria

DEFINITION

Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for cell energy and aerobic cellular respiration with ATP

TERM

Lysosome

DEFINITION

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

TERM

Golgi Apparatus

DEFINITION

Responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting things leaving the cell

TERM

Chromatin

DEFINITION

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

TERM

Nucleolus

DEFINITION

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes and RNA

TERM

Nucleus

DEFINITION

Stores genetic information; the control center of the cell

TERM

Nuclear Pore

DEFINITION

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

TERM

Nuclear Envelope

DEFINITION

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

TERM

Plasma Membrane

DEFINITION

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

TERM

Centrioles

DEFINITION

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

TERM

Centrosome

DEFINITION

A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.

TERM

Cytoplasm

DEFINITION

The jelly-like structure that surrounds organelles

TERM

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

DEFINITION

Responsible for producing, transporting, and storing proteins

TERM

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

DEFINITION

Responsible for synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids

TERM

Ribosomes

DEFINITION

Site of protein synthesis

Peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances

Collagen fiber

Strong, cable-like, unbranched; found in tendons/ligaments

Reticular fiber

Thin, branching collagen-like; in lymphatic organs