chemistry module 4 organic synthesis

Distillation

Separation method based on boiling points.

Reflux

Process to heat reaction mixture without loss.

Aldehyde

Organic compound with carbonyl group, RCHO.

Ketone

Organic compound with carbonyl group, RC(=O)R'.

Primary Alcohol

Alcohol with hydroxyl group on terminal carbon.

Secondary Alcohol

Alcohol with hydroxyl group on secondary carbon.

Potassium Dichromate

Oxidizing agent used in alcohol oxidation.

Quickfit Apparatus

Glassware setup for distillation processes.

Anti-bumping Granules

Additive to ensure smooth boiling during distillation.

Water Jacket

Cooling system for condenser in distillation.

Thermometer Bulb

Measures vapor temperature in distillation setup.

Heating Mantle

Controlled heating device for distillation mixtures.

Distillate

Condensed vapor collected during distillation process.

Boiling Point

Temperature at which liquid turns to vapor.

Receiving Vessel

Container for collecting distillate during distillation.

+/- 2 C

Temperature tolerance for collecting desired distillate.

Silicon Grease

Lubricant for sealing joints in glassware.

Oxidation

Chemical reaction involving loss of electrons.

Condensation

Process of vapor cooling into liquid form.

Flammable Chemicals

Substances that can easily ignite.

Distillation Process

Sequence of steps to separate liquid mixtures.

Aldehyde

Organic compound with a carbonyl group at end.

Alcohol

Organic compound with one or more hydroxyl groups.

Boiling Point

Temperature where liquid turns to vapor.

Heating under Reflux

Method to heat reaction without losing components.

Reflux Process

Continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture.

Carboxylic Acid

Organic acid with a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Ester

Organic compound formed from acid and alcohol.

Acidified Potassium Dichromate

Oxidizing agent used in organic reactions.

Anti-bumping Granules

Additives to prevent vigorous boiling.

Quickfit Apparatus

Setup for efficient heating and condensation.

Water Jacket

Cooling system for the condenser in reflux.

Separating Funnel

Device for separating immiscible liquids.

Drying Agents

Substances used to remove water from organic liquids.

Redistillation

Purification method involving repeated distillation.

Electric Heating Mantle

Device for uniform heating of reaction mixtures.

Water Bath

Method for gentle heating of substances.

Corrosive Liquids

Substances that can damage living tissue.

Irritant Liquids

Substances that cause inflammation upon contact.

Flammable Liquids

Substances that can easily ignite.

Toxic Liquids

Substances harmful or fatal to living organisms.

Organic Layer

Layer containing organic compounds in a mixture.

Neutralisation

Process of making a substance neutral, often with acids.

Sodium Carbonate Solution

Common neutralizing agent for organic reactions.

Separating Funnel

Device used to separate liquid mixtures based on density.

Stopcock

Valve used to control the flow of liquids.

Inversion Technique

Method of mixing layers by turning the funnel upside down.

Aqueous Layer

Water-based layer in a liquid mixture.

Density

Mass per unit volume, affecting layer positioning.

Drying Agents

Substances that remove water from organic products.

Anhydrous Calcium Chloride

Common drying agent for hydrocarbons.

Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate

General-purpose drying agent for organic liquids.

Clumping of Drying Agent

Indicates presence of water in organic liquid.

Decanting

Process of pouring off liquid, leaving solids behind.

Redistillation

Second distillation to purify organic liquids further.

Boiling Point Range

Temperature range for distillation, affecting purity.

Clear Organic Liquid

Indicates successful removal of water from product.

Pressure Release

Opening stopcock to relieve pressure during separation.

Swirling

Mixing method used with drying agents.

Evaporation Prevention

Using a lid to minimize loss of volatile substances.

Volume Increase Test

Method to identify organic layer by adding water.

Layer Separation

Process of allowing distinct liquid layers to form.

Synthetic Routes

Methods to create organic products from few compounds.

Two-Stage Synthesis

Process involving reactant, intermediate, and product.

Target Molecule

Final desired product in a synthesis pathway.

Starting Molecule

Initial compound used in organic synthesis.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms determining molecule behavior.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon bonds.

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.

Haloalkanes

Alkanes with one or more halogen atoms.

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

Carbonyls

Compounds with a carbon-oxygen double bond.

Aldehydes

Carbonyl compounds with at least one hydrogen attached.

Ketones

Carbonyl compounds with two carbon groups attached.

Carboxylic Acids

Organic acids with a carboxyl (-COOH) group.

Nitrile Group

Functional group containing a carbon triple-bonded to nitrogen.

Nucleophilic Substitution

Reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group.

Reaction Pathway

Sequence of reactions leading to a product.

Reagents

Substances used to bring about a chemical reaction.

Conditions

Specific environment needed for a reaction to occur.

Intermediates

Compounds formed during the steps of a synthesis.

Examiner Tips

Advice for successfully answering exam synthesis questions.

AS Level

Advanced Subsidiary level, introductory chemistry qualification.