Pathophysiology Exam 1

studied byStudied by 1 Person
0.0(0)
Get a hint
hint

Etiology

1/124

Studying Progress

New cards
124
Still learning
0
Almost done
0
Mastered
0
124 Terms
New cards

Etiology

Study of causes and risk factors of disease

New cards
New cards

Pathogenesis

How does the etiology express itself in disease

New cards
New cards

Clinical Manifestations

Signs and symptoms Stages of clinical course: Latent versus Subclinical

New cards
New cards

latent

hidden, present but not realized

New cards
New cards

subclinical

without showing signs of disease

New cards
New cards

Acute clinical course

short-lived; may have severe manifestation

New cards
New cards

Chronic clinical course

may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course

New cards
New cards

Exacerbation

increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms;

New cards
New cards

Remission

decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured

New cards
New cards

Convalescence

stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

New cards
New cards

Sequela

subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness

New cards
New cards

Epidemiology

the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors

New cards
New cards

Endemic disease

Spreaded within a local region

New cards
New cards

Epidemic disease

Spread to many people at the same time

New cards
New cards

Pandemic

Spread to large geographic areas (worldwide)

New cards
New cards

Aggregate Factors / Epidemiologic variables

Factors such as: age, ethnic group, gender, lifestyle considerations, geographic location

New cards
New cards

Function of cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape and allows cell movement. It directs traffic of substances in the cell.

New cards
New cards

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; aka the brain of the cell

New cards
New cards

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles.

New cards
New cards

Golgi Apparatus

Processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles

New cards
New cards

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

Digests lipids and proteins; They are released during cell injury

New cards
New cards

Mitochondria

Place of processes; ATP

New cards
New cards

Cellular metabolism

all of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions

New cards
New cards

Anabolism

The energy using process of metabolism that synthesizes complex molecules

New cards
New cards

Catabolism

Energy releasing process

New cards
New cards

Plasma membrane

Structure is made of lipid bilayer; Transports lipid soluble molecules

New cards
New cards

Endocytosis

Cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules; process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

New cards
New cards

Exocytosis

Cellular secretion

New cards
New cards

Mitosis

Responsible for proliferation of body cells in which little genetic variation is needed

New cards
New cards

Meiosis

A more elaborate cellular division in germ cells where significant chromosomal rearrangement occurs

New cards
New cards

Ischemia

Lack of blood supply

New cards
New cards

Example of ischemia

stroke, heart attack

New cards
New cards

Hypoxic injury

Not enough oxygen to tissues

New cards
New cards

Example of hypoxic injury

high elevation, respiratory distress, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

New cards
New cards

Nutritional injury

Poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution, inefficient cellular uptake of essential nutrients

New cards
New cards

Example of nutritional injury

Eating disorders, diabetes, dehydration, high sodium, cramping, alcoholism

New cards
New cards

Infectious and immunologic injury

Bacteria or viruses; body attacking itself

New cards
New cards

Example of infectious and immunologic injury

covid, c.diff, hiv

New cards
New cards

Chemical injury

Toxic chemicals or poisons can cause cellular injury both indirectly and by becoming metabolized into reactive chemicals by the body

New cards
New cards

Examples of chemical injury

Chemical burns, chemotherapy, alcoholism, normal occurring chemicals in the body (calcium, sodium, etc)

New cards
New cards

Physical and mechanical injury

causing injury to skeletal or injury to organs and system

New cards
New cards

Examples of physical and mechanical injury

Getting hit by a car, rolling ankle, jamming finger, fractures, cut, bruises

New cards
New cards

Neoplasia

Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth

New cards
New cards

What is the body's first line of defense?

Immunity; skin, mucous membranes, phagocyte system

New cards
New cards

What do enzymes and lysozymes do?

protect the cell wall; sebaceous glands possess lactic acid which kill fungi; earwax, saliva, mucus

New cards
New cards

What happens to the normal microbiome with prolonged treatment of broad spectrum antibiotics?

All the microbiome dies; yeast infection could occur

New cards
New cards

What is the body's second line of defense?

Inflammation

New cards
New cards

What does inflammation do?

Covers you from injury, trauma, disease

New cards
New cards

What are caused by inflammation?

Heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders

New cards
New cards

What happens when inflammation occurs?

Redness, swelling, heat, loss of function

New cards
New cards

Pus

Made of dead white blood cells

New cards
New cards

What are the 3 key plasma protein systems?

Complement, clotting, and kinin

New cards
New cards

Complement system

Is triggered through enzyme cascade

New cards
New cards

Clotting system

Cellular proteins that form blood clot when activated; coagulation

New cards
New cards

Kinin system

Controls bleeding and bacteria

New cards
New cards

Serous discharge

clear drainage such as mucus or plasma

New cards
New cards

Serosanguinous discharge

contains blood and plasma; pink colored fluid

New cards
New cards

Sanguineous discharge

bloody drainage

New cards
New cards

Purulent discharge

Pus; thick, yellowish brown drainage

New cards
New cards

What is an exudate?

A mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.

New cards
New cards

4 types of exudates

serous, serosanguinous, sanguineous, purulent

New cards
New cards

Acute inflammation

sudden; fever; the body's use of leukocytosis (increase of WBC during infection)

New cards
New cards

Chronic inflammation

ongoing stimulus (at least 2 weeks); repetitive cycle; immune helper cells try to do their job of healing but ongoing stimulus results in more cell recruitment

New cards
New cards

Examples of acute inflammation

allergic reaction, chemical irritants, infection, trauma injury, burns, laceration, frostbite

New cards
New cards

Examples of chronic inflammation

cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, lupus

New cards
New cards

What is the body's third line of defense?

Adaptive immunity

New cards
New cards

Examples of adaptive immunity

the flu; body is forming antibodies to fight; vaccines

New cards
New cards

Lymphoid system

Defense against infection and disease

New cards
New cards

What do natural killer (NK) cells do?

immune cell that kill cells that are infected with a virus

New cards
New cards

What do B cells and T cells do?

T cells can wipe out infected or cancerous cells. They also direct the immune response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens. B cells create antibodies.

New cards
New cards

Hypersensitivity reactions

allergies, autoimmunity, alloimmunity

New cards
New cards

What is autoimmunity

body attacks own cells

New cards
New cards

Alloimmunity

Type of immunity that produces an immune response against antigens from members of the same species; blood transfusions, transplants, HIV

New cards
New cards

Passive immuity

antibodies are given; placenta and breastmilk to a baby

New cards
New cards

What are immunoglobulins?

Antibody molecules found in the blood; IgG, IgM, IgE

New cards
New cards

IgG

Most abundant antibody; those with Lupus or Graves disease have elevated levels

New cards
New cards

IgM

Second most abundant antibody; considered the mounted troops

New cards
New cards

IgE

it initiates inflammation response immediately, environmental allergy response

New cards
New cards

Examples of an autoimmune disease

Lupus, raynaud's disease, graves disease, sclerosis

New cards
New cards

Acquired immunity

immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease (vaccines, getting the flu)

New cards
New cards

Benign

Does not spread but has potential to become malignant; small, slow growing, noninvasive

New cards
New cards

Malignant

Can spread and is harmful; Large, rapidly growing with hemmorhage and necrosis; locally invasive (es muy malo)

New cards
New cards

Anaplasia

lack of cell differentiation; characteristic of malignant neoplasms

New cards
New cards

Metastasis

spread of cancer cells from site of original tumor; (lung cancer can travel to the brain)

New cards