Pathophysiology Exam 1

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124 Terms

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Etiology
Study of causes and risk factors of disease
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Pathogenesis
How does the etiology express itself in disease
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Clinical Manifestations
Signs and symptoms
Stages of clinical course: Latent versus Subclinical
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latent
hidden, present but not realized
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subclinical
without showing signs of disease
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Acute clinical course
short-lived; may have severe manifestation
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Chronic clinical course
may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course
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Exacerbation
increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms;
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Remission
decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured
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Convalescence
stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
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Sequela
subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness
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Epidemiology
the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors
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Endemic disease
Spreaded within a local region
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Epidemic disease
Spread to many people at the same time
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Pandemic
Spread to large geographic areas (worldwide)
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Aggregate Factors / Epidemiologic variables
Factors such as: age, ethnic group, gender, lifestyle considerations, geographic location
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Function of cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and allows cell movement.
It directs traffic of substances in the cell.
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell; aka the brain of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles.
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Golgi Apparatus
Processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
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Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Digests lipids and proteins; They are released during cell injury
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Mitochondria
Place of processes; ATP
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Cellular metabolism
all of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions
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Anabolism
The energy using process of metabolism that synthesizes complex molecules
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Catabolism
Energy releasing process
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Plasma membrane
Structure is made of lipid bilayer; Transports lipid soluble molecules
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Endocytosis
Cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules; process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane
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Exocytosis
Cellular secretion
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Mitosis
Responsible for proliferation of body cells in which little genetic variation is needed
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Meiosis
A more elaborate cellular division in germ cells where significant chromosomal rearrangement occurs
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Ischemia
Lack of blood supply
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Example of ischemia
stroke, heart attack
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Hypoxic injury
Not enough oxygen to tissues
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Example of hypoxic injury
high elevation, respiratory distress, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Nutritional injury
Poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution, inefficient cellular uptake of essential nutrients
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Example of nutritional injury
Eating disorders, diabetes, dehydration, high sodium, cramping, alcoholism
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Infectious and immunologic injury
Bacteria or viruses; body attacking itself
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Example of infectious and immunologic injury
covid, c.diff, hiv
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Chemical injury
Toxic chemicals or poisons can cause cellular injury both indirectly and by becoming metabolized into reactive chemicals by the body
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Examples of chemical injury
Chemical burns, chemotherapy, alcoholism, normal occurring chemicals in the body (calcium, sodium, etc)
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Physical and mechanical injury
causing injury to skeletal or injury to organs and system
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Examples of physical and mechanical injury
Getting hit by a car, rolling ankle, jamming finger, fractures, cut, bruises
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Neoplasia
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth
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What is the body's first line of defense?
Immunity; skin, mucous membranes, phagocyte system
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What do enzymes and lysozymes do?
protect the cell wall; sebaceous glands possess lactic acid which kill fungi; earwax, saliva, mucus
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What happens to the normal microbiome with prolonged treatment of broad spectrum antibiotics?
All the microbiome dies; yeast infection could occur
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What is the body's second line of defense?
Inflammation
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What does inflammation do?
Covers you from injury, trauma, disease
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What are caused by inflammation?
Heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders
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What happens when inflammation occurs?
Redness, swelling, heat, loss of function
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Pus
Made of dead white blood cells
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What are the 3 key plasma protein systems?
Complement, clotting, and kinin
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Complement system
Is triggered through enzyme cascade
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Clotting system
Cellular proteins that form blood clot when activated; coagulation
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Kinin system
Controls bleeding and bacteria
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Serous discharge
clear drainage such as mucus or plasma
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Serosanguinous discharge
contains blood and plasma; pink colored fluid
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Sanguineous discharge
bloody drainage
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Purulent discharge
Pus; thick, yellowish brown drainage
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What is an exudate?
A mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.
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4 types of exudates
serous, serosanguinous, sanguineous, purulent
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Acute inflammation
sudden; fever; the body's use of leukocytosis (increase of WBC during infection)
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Chronic inflammation
ongoing stimulus (at least 2 weeks); repetitive cycle; immune helper cells try to do their job of healing but ongoing stimulus results in more cell recruitment
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Examples of acute inflammation
allergic reaction, chemical irritants, infection, trauma injury, burns, laceration, frostbite
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Examples of chronic inflammation
cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, lupus
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What is the body's third line of defense?
Adaptive immunity
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Examples of adaptive immunity
the flu; body is forming antibodies to fight; vaccines
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Lymphoid system
Defense against infection and disease
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What do natural killer (NK) cells do?
immune cell that kill cells that are infected with a virus
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What do B cells and T cells do?
T cells can wipe out infected or cancerous cells. They also direct the immune response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens. B cells create antibodies.
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Hypersensitivity reactions
allergies, autoimmunity, alloimmunity
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What is autoimmunity
body attacks own cells
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Alloimmunity
Type of immunity that produces an immune response against antigens from members of the same species; blood transfusions, transplants, HIV
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Passive immuity
antibodies are given; placenta and breastmilk to a baby
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What are immunoglobulins?
Antibody molecules found in the blood; IgG, IgM, IgE
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IgG
Most abundant antibody; those with Lupus or Graves disease have elevated levels
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IgM
Second most abundant antibody; considered the mounted troops
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IgE
it initiates inflammation response immediately, environmental allergy response
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Examples of an autoimmune disease
Lupus, raynaud's disease, graves disease, sclerosis
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Acquired immunity
immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease (vaccines, getting the flu)
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Benign
Does not spread but has potential to become malignant; small, slow growing, noninvasive
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Malignant
Can spread and is harmful; Large, rapidly growing with hemmorhage and necrosis; locally invasive (es muy malo)
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Anaplasia
lack of cell differentiation; characteristic of malignant neoplasms
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Metastasis
spread of cancer cells from site of original tumor; (lung cancer can travel to the brain)
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Apoptosis
cell death
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Cancer staging
TNM (Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis)
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Predisposing factors and risk factors of cancer
age, tobacco, nutrition, tumors, surgical treatment
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Effects of cancer
pain, anemia, cachexia (weakness) , infection, infertility, alopecia, bone density loss
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Cancer therapy and treatment
Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
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What is the percentage of total body water (TBW) in adults?
60%
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What does extracellular fluid include?
Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, transcellular fluids
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What does transcellular fluid include?
synovial fluid, CSF, GI fluids, pleural fluids, peritoneal fluids, urine
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What is osmolality?
The amount of certain substances in blood or urine, such as glucose, urea, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
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what is osmolarity
measure of total concentration of solute particles per liter
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Hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of capillaries. What is this called?
Filtration
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Osmotic/oncotic pressure pulls water into capillaries. What is this called?
Reabsorption
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What happens when there is a deficit of fluid imbalance?
Concentration normal/extracellular fluid is decreased.
Fluid shifts OUT OF vasculature.
Treatment is fluid replacement.
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What happens when there is excess of fluid imbalance?
Concentration normal/extracellular fluid is increased.
Fluid shifts INTO vasculature
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Hypotonic
Dilute, too much in the cell, push into the cell, swollen, "hippo"
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Hypertonic
Concentrated, push out of the cell, not enough in the cell