Coldwar Study Set (not finished yet)

Czar Nicholas II

Last emperor of Russia ruled from 1894–1917 killed during Bolshevik Revolution

Anastasia

Daughter of Czar Nicholas II who was killed during the Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the USSR led the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and ruled from 1917–1924

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Policy introduced by Lenin allowing limited capitalism in agriculture to increase food production

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader from 1929–1953 known as Man of Steel ruled during WWII responsible for millions of deaths and created gulags

Gulags

First concentration camps in the Soviet Union established under Stalin

Collectivization

Government program of state-owned agriculture that killed millions including Kulaks

Kulaks

Wealthy farmers in the Soviet Union targeted by Stalin during collectivization

Great Purge

Stalin’s program to eliminate political enemies resulting in about 600000 deaths

Dissident

Person who disagrees with or opposes government policies

Tehran Conference (1943)

Russia pledges to enter war against Japan after Germany is defeated

Yalta Conference (1945)

Roosevelt and Churchill agree to Stalin’s demands for Europe in exchange for Soviet pledge to fight Japan and Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe

Potsdam Conference (1945)

U.S. Britain and USSR meet to discuss postwar issues but tensions rise between Truman and Stalin

Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Agreement between Soviet Union and Nazi Germany not to attack each other before WWII

September 1 1939

Nazi troops invade Poland beginning WWII and Britain and France declare war on Germany

June 1940

Nazi troops invade and defeat France within six weeks and then turn to invade Britain

June 22 1941

Germany launches invasion of the Soviet Union

December 7 1941

Japan bombs Pearl Harbor bringing the U.S. and Britain into the war against Japan

D-Day (June 6 1944)

Allied invasion of Normandy by U.S. Britain and Soviet Union against Axis powers

Moscow Conference (1944)

Churchill and Stalin make informal agreements to divide Europe into spheres of influence

Clement Attlee

Replaced Winston Churchill as British Prime Minister in 1945 after Churchill lost elections

August 6 1945

U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan

August 8 1945

Soviet Union declares war on Japan

August 9 1945

U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki Japan

August 15 1945

Japan surrenders ending WWII

February 9 1946

Stalin declares that contradictions of capitalism would destroy the West and communism would triumph

Containment

U.S. Cold War strategy to stop the spread of communism

George Kennan

U.S. diplomat in Moscow who sent the Long Telegram warning that USSR sought to expand communism

Long Telegram (1946)

Kennan’s message concluding that USSR was on a crusade to destroy the West

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. President (1933–1945) led during WWII

Harry S. Truman

U.S. President (1945–1953) began Cold War policies like the Truman Doctrine

Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. President (1953–1961) strengthened containment

John F. Kennedy

U.S. President (1961–1963) led during Cuban Missile Crisis

Lyndon B. Johnson

U.S. President (1963–1969) escalated Vietnam War

Richard Nixon

U.S. President (1969–1974) opened relations with China and pursued détente with USSR

Gerald Ford

U.S. President (1974–1977)

Jimmy Carter

U.S. President (1977–1981) emphasized human rights in foreign policy

Ronald Reagan

U.S. President (1981–1989) escalated arms race and pressured USSR

George H.W. Bush

U.S. President (1989–1993) presided over Cold War’s end

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader (1929–1953) expanded communism in Eastern Europe

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader (1955–1964) led de-Stalinization and Cuban Missile Crisis

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader (1964–1982) promoted détente but invaded Afghanistan

Yuri Andropov

Soviet leader (1982–1984)

Konstantin Chernenko

Soviet leader (1984–1985)

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader (1985–1991) introduced glasnost and perestroika reforms leading to USSR collapse

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister who gave the 1946 Iron Curtain speech

George Kennan

U.S. diplomat who wrote the Long Telegram that introduced containment policy

Karl Marx

Author of The Communist Manifesto (1848) ideological father of communism

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of Bolshevik Revolution (1917) created Soviet Union

Leon Trotsky

Revolutionary leader chosen by Lenin but lost power struggle to Stalin

Eastern Europe

Region dominated by Soviet satellite states after WWII

Germany

Divided into occupation zones East and West after WWII

Korea

Divided into North communist and South anti-communist site of Korean War

Vietnam

Battleground of Cold War conflict between communism and democracy

Yalta

City in Russia where 1945 Big Three conference took place

1917

Bolshevik Revolution when communists seized power in Russia

1922

Formation of the USSR

1945

End of WWII and beginning of Cold War tensions

1946

Year of Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech and Kennan’s Long Telegram

1947

Year Truman Doctrine was announced

1948

Year Marshall Plan began

1969

U.S. moon landing during U.S.–USSR space race

1989–1991

Fall of communism in Eastern Europe and collapse of USSR

Cold War

Conflict between U.S. and USSR from 1945–1991 without direct fighting

Iron Curtain

Imaginary dividing line between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe

Satellite State

Nation controlled by another such as Poland and Czechoslovakia under USSR

Spheres of Influence

Competition between U.S. and USSR to spread their political and economic systems

Communism

System favoring collective ownership and abolition of private property often led by dictatorship

Containment

U.S. Cold War policy to stop spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

1947 U.S. aid policy supporting nations threatened by communism such as Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

1948 U.S. program giving $13.2 billion to rebuild Western Europe and prevent communist spread

NATO

Western military alliance formed to counter USSR

Warsaw Pact

Communist military alliance led by USSR

Berlin Airlift

Humanitarian mission from 1948–1949 to supply West Berlin after the Soviet blockade

Germany Division

After WWII Germany was split into four zones occupied by France Britain U.S. and USSR

Berlin Division

Berlin was split into East and West within the Soviet zone of Germany

Berlin Blockade

Soviet attempt in June 1948 to cut off all land rail and water routes to West Berlin

West Germany

Nation formed in 1948 from the French British and American zones

East Germany

Nation controlled by the Soviet Union after WWII

Operation Vittles

Code name for the Berlin Airlift starting June 26 1948 to deliver 5000 tons of supplies daily

Lucius Clay

American general who directed the Berlin Airlift and was appointed Deputy Governor of Germany by Roosevelt

Tempelhof Airport

Main airport in the American zone used for the Berlin Airlift landings

Supplies Delivered

More than 2.3 million tons delivered during the Berlin Airlift

April 16 1949

Day when a record 12840 tons of supplies were delivered to West Berlin

June 25 1948

Day the Berlin Airlift began

May 11 1949

Day the Berlin Airlift ended after 327 days

Harry S. Truman

U.S. president who approved the Berlin Airlift

Gail Halvorsen

American pilot known as the Candy Bomber who dropped gum and chocolate to Berlin children

Candy Bomber

Gail Halvorsen who dropped candy with parachutes for West Berlin children

Legacy of Berlin Airlift

Symbol of Western determination humanitarian aid and a step toward NATO formation

277000 Flights

Total number of flights made during the Berlin Airlift

Lucius Clay Retirement

Retired in 1949 as a hero and spoke to 750000 Germans at a May Day rally in 1962