Anatomy Exam 1 PT 2

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

brachial

segment of upper limb closes to the trunk; the arm

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

manual

hand

abdominal

abdomen

pelvic

pelvis

pubic

anterior pelvis

inguinal

groin (crease between thigh and trunk)

lumbar

lower back

gluteal

buttock

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg, from knee to ankle

sural

calf

tarsal

ankle

pedal

food

plantar

sole region of foot

the cell theory

3 components of _______ _________

1. all organisms composed of cells (single cells, multicellular)

2. cells come from preexisting cells 3.first level of life

membrane, DNA

-alls cells enclosed by ________ (regulates passage of material between inside of cell and its surroundings)
-every cell uses ___ for its genetic information

Theodore schwan

(german physicist) w/ madden schleiden

madden schleiden

(german botanist)- cell theory

Robert hooke

coined term cell when looking at cork & cells

neurons, RBC, muscle

cells demonstrate structure = function
-_____ have dendrites - conduct electricity
-____loses nucleus for extra space (carry oxygen) concave = easily movement
-____ cells allow shortening of muscle fibers = contraction

gametes and somatic

Cells are produced by division of preexisting cells
-2 types

sperm, egg

__________ vs __________
-tiny, flagulated, higher quantities
-larger, immotile, smaller numbers

transmission electron micrograph

for fine details, use an electron micrograph
internal details use?

scanning electron micrograph

for fine details, use an electron micrograph
external details use

Microvilli

projections w microfilaments (intestinal tract/respiratory tract = cough)

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer and selective permeability are aspects of

cytoplasm

cytosol: intracellular fluid of cell & organelles are both parts of

hydrophilic (polar) , hydrophobic (nonpolar)

phospholipids are main structural components of membranes
they have a ________ head (phosphate group and glycerol) and 2 ___________ tails

head

in membrane, head/tail faces out to face water

functions

some plasma membrane ______:
-cell to cell communication, structural support, adhesion, regulates exchange w fluid, physical barrier, sense extracellular stimuli

phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, sterols

4 components of membrane

SUGAR, alcohol

glycolipids (cell-cell communication / receptor) w ______

sterols: _______ attached to cell

transverse

integral proteins (inject in to phospholipid bilayer) might be span or _______

peripheral

protein bound on one side of bilayer or

gated

channel proteins can be _______ and will open due to ligand/stimulus

uncharged

Small ________ molecules freely cross membrane (bc it is charged)
-slip in between hydrophilic heads, pass through tails
-Co2, o2 , glycerol, alcohol
-Driven by concentration gradient

water

________ is polar... cannot cross membrane; aquaporins are special channels where water can cross

osmosis

movement of water

diffusion

movement of solutes

high to low

in diffusion/osmosis molecules move from ____ to _____

Fricks

_______ 1st law of diffusion
Primary thing that affects diffusion is SIZE.. increase surface to volume ratio (less volume) = FASTER

net

once solute and solvent are evenly distributed there is no ___ movement

gasses

________ can diffuse through membrane (O2 and CO2)
-deficit o2, higher co2

passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, channel mediated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of
-aquaporins and water
high --> low

active transport

uses atp to move solutes against concentration gradient
-endocytosis (pinocytosis- vesicle forms, buds off, separates for transportation) (phagocytosis- engulfment of large organisms) (receptor mediated endocytosis- uses ligands that act as receptors)
-exocytosis

nonmembranous

Microvilli is not internal bound but it is from the membrane (have membrane but extension of plasma membrane but considered _________)

higher, lower, -

cytosol --> cytosol has
-____ concentration of K+ ions, ___concentration of Na+ ions (compared to ECF)
-intracellular ___ charge
-high amount of protein
-small amount of carbs
-large reserve of aas and lipids

nonmembranous

microvilli, free ribosomes, centriole, centrosome, fixed ribosomes, and cytoskeleton are all considered

intermediate filaments

function of _____ _______ (type of cytoskeleton) : anchor organelles, transport materials
-size based on middle size of filaments

microtubules

function of _____ (type of cytoskeleton): churn ECF, cell & organelle movement, essential for mitosis
-tiny tubes made of tubulin

double

mitochondrion is ____ membrane bound.

plasma membrane , cytoplasm

cell divided into

cytosol and organelles (membranous, non membranous)

cytoplasm divided into

centrosome

centrioles are inside of the

microvilli, flagella

__________: increase SA, churn ECF, microfilament support
- _________:(only found on sperm) external

movement/shape

cytoskeleton aids in

microfilaments

made of actin; used in muscle filaments, double helix

microtubules

flagella and cilia make of ______. not the same as microvilli

rna

ribosomes synthesize proteins using __ template

nucleus & mitochondrion

the only 2 doubled layered membranes

atp

site of atp synthesis & oxidative phosphorylation (REVIEW)

nucleus

________: houses genetic material
-nuclear pores (25% of membrane- selective entrance/exit) nucleoplasm w chromatin

nucleosome form chromosomes --> chromatin--> histones --> nucleosomes --> dna double helix

chromatins and how they condense

ions

mitochondria
-site of atp synthase
-intermembrane space causes concentration gradient of ____ for oxidative phosphorylation
-ions come from inside matrix
-in plants (chloroplast)

nucleoli, chromatin

______: make ribosomes
______: loose chromosomes

proteins

endoplasmic reticulum functions
-synthesizes, stores and modifies ______
-folds of cisterna
-proteins moved via vesicles
-detoxification

rough

_______ endoplasmic reticulum
-stores & synthesizes proteins (moved by vesicles)

smooth

____ endoplasmic reticulum
-synthesizes lipids/sterols/carbohydrates
-storage of Ca++
-detoxification of toxins

golgi apparatus

_______ ________:
-synthesis & packaging of secretions
-packaging of enzymes for use in cytosol
-renewal & modification of cell membrane

cis, trans

how cell membrane is regenerated: nucleus --> form at ___ golgi --> bud from ___ golgi to vesicle --> fuse w membrane

lysosome

vesicle filled w digestive enzymes

peroxisome

vesicle filled with housekeeping enzymes (oxidase & catalase)

endomembrane

_________ system: golgi app & endo rect. work to make products for in & out of cell (also lysosomes & vesicles)

gap

_____ junctions:
-communication
-one plasma membrane to another
-opening to move, channel, no budding/fuse, Just pass (diffusion of ions/small molecules)
-Allow cells to act as unit (ions for muscles, macrovilli cilia movement)

tight

_____junction
-2 bilayers stuck/sealed together → insulation, prevents loss of water

desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

________ anchor lateral sides of cell together, through cell adhesion molecules/intracell cement
-attach cytoskeleton on one size; STRONG
-Zona adherens and actin
-Intermediate and macula (stronger)

hemidesmosome

anchoring bottom of ( epithelial) cell to underlying cell membrane (or extracellular fibers)→ form sheet like tissue "sewn"