UNIT6) Vocab. 2

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

Major conservative powers after Napoleon; cooperated to maintain order and suppress revolution in Europe.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain formed to enforce the post-Napoleonic settlement and prevent revolution.

Congress of Vienna

1814–1815 meeting of European powers to restore stability after Napoleon; emphasized conservatism, legitimacy, and balance of power.

Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty

Return of the Bourbon monarchy to France after Napoleon; Louis XVIII placed on the throne.

Peace of Paris, 1815

Treaty restoring France’s borders to 1792 and reinstating the Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon’s defeat.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister; leading conservative statesman; opposed liberalism and nationalism and dominated Congress of Vienna.

Charles Talleyrand

French diplomat who skillfully represented France at the Congress of Vienna and helped reintegrate it into Europe.

Balance of power

Principle that no single state should dominate Europe; guided territorial settlements at Vienna.

Second Peace of Paris, 1815

Harsher treaty imposed after Napoleon’s Hundred Days; France lost territory and paid indemnities.

Waterloo, 1815

Final defeat of Napoleon by British and Prussian forces, ending the Hundred Days.

Louis XVIII

Bourbon king of France after Napoleon; ruled with a constitutional charter while trying to balance reform and tradition.

1830 Belgium

Belgian Revolution led to independence from the Netherlands and creation of a constitutional monarchy.

German Confederation

Loose association of 39 German states created by Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

Carlsbad Decrees

1819 measures suppressing liberalism in German states; censored press and restricted universities.

Liberalism (classical liberalism)

Ideology emphasizing individual rights, constitutional government, legal equality, and free markets.

Louis XVIII’s Constitutional Charter

1814 document granting limited constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, and a legislature in France.

Laissez-faire

Economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in the economy.

Nationalism

Belief that people sharing language, culture, and history should form independent nations.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist and revolutionary who promoted a unified, republican Italy.

Socialism

Ideology advocating collective ownership or regulation of property to promote social equality.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier

Early socialist thinkers (utopian socialists) who proposed cooperative communities and social reform.

Saint-Simon’s “positivism”

Belief that society should be organized using scientific principles and led by industrial and technical experts.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Revolutionary text calling for proletarian revolution and abolition of private property.

Marxism

Theory asserting history is driven by class struggle leading inevitably from capitalism to socialism and communism.

Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

Central Marxist class conflict between owners of capital and industrial workers.

Capitalism (in Marx’s view)

Economic system based on private ownership that exploits workers and produces inequality.

Communism

Classless, stateless society where property is communally owned; final stage of Marxist historical development.

Romanticism

Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, imagination, and individual experience over rationalism.

William Wordsworth (Tables Turned)

Romantic poet who emphasized nature and emotion as sources of truth.

Eugène Delacroix

Romantic painter; used dramatic color and movement; famous for Liberty Leading the People.

Joseph Turner and John Constable

Romantic landscape painters emphasizing nature’s power and beauty.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Composer bridging Classical and Romantic eras; emphasized emotion and individual expression.

Communist Manifesto – Karl Marx

1848 pamphlet urging workers to unite and overthrow capitalist systems.

Professionalization

Growth of specialized, trained professions during industrialization.

Labor aristocracy

Skilled, better-paid workers with higher living standards than unskilled laborers.

Sweated industries

Industries with low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions, often involving home labor.

Rat catching

Example of dangerous, low-status urban labor during industrialization.

Companionate marriage

Marriage based on emotional connection rather than economic arrangement.

Husbands older than wives

Common marital pattern reflecting social and economic norms.

Separate spheres (men and women)

Ideology assigning men to public work and women to domestic roles.

“Home sweet home”

Idealization of the home as a refuge from industrial society.

Population decline

Decrease in birth rates due to later marriage, contraception, and changing family structures.

Greek Independence of 1830

Successful nationalist revolt against Ottoman rule; established an independent Greek state.

Corn Laws of 1815

British tariffs on imported grain designed to protect landowners; raised food prices.

Tory Government

Conservative British political faction supporting tradition, monarchy, and landowning interests.

Six Acts (1819)

Repressive laws were passed after Peterloo to limit public meetings and press freedom.

• Passed by the Tory govenrment

Battle of Peterloo (1819)

Massacre of peaceful reformers by cavalry in Manchester; symbol of government repression.

Whig Party

British liberal political party supporting reform, free trade, and expanded suffrage.

Whig Reform Bill of 1832

Law expanding the electorate and redistributing parliamentary seats; weakened aristocratic control.

People’s Charter / Chartist Movement

Working-class movement demanding universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and parliamentary reform.

Anti-Corn Law League

Middle-class movement advocating repeal of Corn Laws and free trade.

Robert Peel

Conservative prime minister who repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.

Great Famine (Ireland)

1845–1851 potato blight causing mass starvation, death, and emigration.

Louis XVIII (1815–1824)

Bourbon king who ruled with a constitutional charter after Napoleon.

Charles X (1824–1830)

Reactionary Bourbon king overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830.

Louis Philippe (1830–1848)

“Citizen King” ruling during the July Monarchy; represented bourgeois interests.

Bourgeois Monarchy

Government dominated by middle-class property owners under Louis Philippe.

Barricades in the streets of Paris (Feb 1848)

Urban uprisings that overthrew the July Monarchy and created the Second Republic.

Second Republic (France)

Government established after 1848 revolution; expanded suffrage and social programs.

National Workshops

State-run employment program for the unemployed; closure sparked unrest.

June Days

1848 working-class uprising after National Workshops closed; brutally suppressed.

Austrian Empire (1848 revolutions)

Nationalist and liberal revolts in Vienna and elsewhere; ultimately suppressed.

Frankfurt National Assembly (1848)

Attempt to unify Germany under a liberal constitution; failed due to lack of military support.

Italian rebellion of 1848

Nationalist revolts seeking unification and independence; mostly crushed by conservative forces.