A/P - semester two final

function of arrector pili

causes body hair to stand up straight, temperature regulation

hair follicle

small cavity surrounding the a hair, responsible for hair growth

sebaceous gland

produces sebum, aka oil, helps retain moisture, protect skin, antibacterial

rule of nines

first degree burns

first layer of skin, red and no blistering

second degree burns

first and second layer of skin, red with blistering

third degree burns

all layers of skin, white or purple or black

skin diagram

skeletal system function

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production

hematopoiesis

blood cell production, happens in bones

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

osteoblasts

bone building cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells

bone names and locations

i made a seperate quizlet

https://quizlet.com/853149870/anatomy-bones-and-stuff-flash-cards/

tendons

connective tissue, muscle to bone

ligaments

connective tissue, bone to bone

epimysium

connective tissue, surrounds skeletal muscle

perimysium

connective tissue, surrounds fascicles

endomysium

connective tissue, surrounds fibers

smooth muscle

slow, rhythmic contractions. involuntary, moves things in organs and blood vessels

cardiac muscle

in the heart, striated and branching, rhythmic contractions, involuntary

skeletal muscle

voluntary, strong contractions, striated and multinucleated

“all or nothing” muscle contractions

muscle fibers are either contracted or not contracted, not partially contracted. strength is just a number of fibers contracted. once threshold potential is met, fibers fully contract

sliding filament theory

1.) Calcium removes troponin and tropomyosin.
2.) ATP moves myosin heads which attach to Actin.
3.) Myosin heads pull on actin to shrink sarcomere and contract muscle (power stroke)
4.) myosin heads receive ATP and release from actin (return stroke)
5.) Calcium pumps out of cell and troponin/tropomyosin return blocking myosin from binding.
*AChE removes excess ACh

sacromere

functional unit of muscle fibers; made of actin and myosin(which bind together during muscle contraction)

neuromuscular junction

1.) Action Potentional (electrical impulse) travels down axon
2.)ACh released into synaptic cleft
3.) Ach binds to gated ion channels
4.)Na+ flows through channels raising the charge in the muscle cell.
5.) Na+ pump opens further raising the charge.
6.) Ca+ is released initiating muscle contraction in the myofibrils.
7.) K+ pump removes K+ in the cell to resting state

but jayda how do i label the neuromuscular junction diagram

idk how to insert it here but i found a good quizlet (same exact diagram as the study guide)

https://quizlet.com/548749390/neuromuscular-junction-labeling-diagram/

skeletal muscle diagram (fibers and stuff)

surprise! another quizlet! also the same exact diagram

https://quizlet.com/452782672/anatomy-skeletal-muscle-fiber-diagram/

skeletal muscle names and locations

https://quizlet.com/914736766/muscle-labeling-flash-cards/?i=1oz67p&x=1jqt

veins

carry blood TOWARDS the heart, unoxygenated usually

capillaries

smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins, exchange of nutrients and waste products with tissues

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart, oxygenated usually

pericardium

serous membrane surrounding the heart. reduces friction

plasma

clear, liquid part of blood

hemoglobin

proteins in red blood cells that carry oxygen

systole

heart contraction. BP is highest, blood is leaving the heart

diastole

heart relaxation. BP is lowest, blood is entering the heart

blood pressure (BP)

pressure in artery and vein walls

atrioventricular valves

separates atriums and ventricles. bicuspid and tricuspid

semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary valves

how does blood flow through the heart

heart diagram

https://quizlet.com/122753580/heart-labeling-flash-cards/

tidal volume (TV)

~500ml, amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath

residual volume (RV)

volume of air left in lungs after max exhalation, needed in order to keep alveoli partially inflated

vital capacity

total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

diffusion

movement of a substance from high to low concentration

pleura

serous membrane that surrounds lungs, protects them and helps them inflate/deflate

respiratory system labeling

this is the best quizlet i could find sorry 💔

https://quizlet.com/905904263/respiratory-system-label-flash-cards/

respiratory graph labeling

whole thing, from top to bottom, is the total lung capacity or TLC

bile

basic (as in not acidic) substance produced by liver, breaks down fats into fatty acids

gastrointestinal (GI) track

part of digestive system where food and liquid passes through

peristalsis

rhythmic, smooth muscle contractions that moves stuff through the GI track

small intestine

contains villi, increases surface area to absorb more nutrients

large intestine

absorbs water and propels feces for expulsion

liver

produces bile and detoxifies blood

mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food by mouth and stomach

chemical digestion

enzymes breaking down food

kidney

filters bloods, keeps vitamins and electrolytes, turns waste into urine

nephron

filtering unit of kidney. kidneys have millions of them

digestive system labeled

another quizlet. woot

https://quizlet.com/502660105/chapter-12lesson-1-the-digestive-system-chapter-12lesson-1-digestive-system-labeling-diagram/

pituitary gland

command center of endocrine system, controls growth and development

thymus

produces immune cells

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, like thyroxin

pancreas

produces insulin which tells cells to take in sugar from blood

adrenal glands

produces adrenaline (epinephrine), which is a vasoconstrictor and a bronchodilator

ovaries

produce eggs and estrogen

testes

produce sperm and testosterone

endocrine system labeling

ignore the pineal gland but yeah

https://quizlet.com/900023668/endocrine-system-labeling-diagram/

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord, body’s processing center

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

feeds info to brain from senses. carries signals for muscle contractions

myelin sheath

covers axon and speeds up transmission

label brain parts

label neuron parts

i was gone when we went over this so sorry if its too detailed or not detailed enough