Global Resistance and the End of the Cold War

What is the primary theme of the study of global resistance to power structures after 1900?

Cultural Developments and Interactions.

What is the learning objective for understanding global resistance to power structures after 1900?

To explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

What type of resistance is characterized by nonviolent actions against power structures?

Nonviolent resistance.

Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what was his role in India's independence?

Gandhi promoted nonviolence and civil disobedience in the cause of independence for India, becoming a leader of the Indian National Congress by 1921.

What significant movement did Gandhi lead to protest British economic dominance in India?

The Homespun Movement, where he encouraged boycotting British textiles and making clothes at home.

What was the Salt March and why was it significant?

The Salt March was a protest against the British monopoly on salt, where Gandhi led followers to the sea to harvest their own salt.

What was the British colonial government's stance on salt harvesting in India?

It was illegal for Indians to harvest their own salt, creating a monopoly.

What were the consequences Gandhi faced for his acts of civil disobedience?

He was arrested multiple times, including during the Salt March.

What impact did Gandhi's nonviolent resistance have on British colonial rule in India?

His efforts began to break Britain's colonial hold on India, contributing to its independence after World War II.

Who was Martin Luther King Jr. and what inspired his resistance movement?

He was a black Baptist minister in the United States who took inspiration from Gandhi's methods in his fight against racial segregation.

What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A significant protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. where black Americans boycotted the city's public transportation system to oppose segregation.

What was the goal of the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr.?

To secure equal rights for black Americans.

How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott affect the city of Montgomery?

It caused significant economic impact as the boycott spread to other places.

What is civil disobedience?

A form of nonviolent resistance where individuals disobey unjust laws to bring about social change.

What was the significance of Gandhi's refusal to wear Western-style suits?

It symbolized his commitment to Indian culture and the rejection of British imperialism.

What was the broader historical context of resistance movements after 1900?

The 20th century was marked by various conflicts and responses to power structures, including both violent and nonviolent resistance.

What role did public support play in the British response to Indian independence?

After World War II, Britain lacked the resources and overwhelming public support to maintain its colonial rule in India.

What were the three main figures associated with nonviolent resistance mentioned in the notes?

Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and one additional unnamed figure.

What was the effect of Gandhi's actions on India's political landscape?

His actions were pivotal in achieving Indian independence from British colonial rule.

What was the impact of the Salt March on the Indian independence movement?

It galvanized support for the independence movement and highlighted the injustice of British laws.

What does the term 'nonviolent resistance' encompass?

Strategies and actions taken to oppose power structures without the use of violence.

In what ways did Gandhi's approach to resistance differ from violent methods?

Gandhi's approach focused on civil disobedience and peaceful protests rather than armed conflict.

How did the Civil Rights Movement draw from Gandhi's principles?

It utilized nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to challenge racial segregation and injustice in the United States.

What was the role of Gandhi and King in the Civil Rights Movement?

Both were figures who promoted civil disobedience to effect change.

What significant legal changes occurred in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s regarding racial discrimination?

The United States Supreme Court outlawed racial discrimination in schools and passed anti-discrimination laws.

Who was Nelson Mandela and what was his initial approach to resistance?

Nelson Mandela was a prominent figure in South Africa who initially promoted non-violence in his resistance efforts.

What major shift occurred in Mandela's tactics after South Africa gained independence from Great Britain?

Mandela initially promoted non-violence but later adopted violence as a tactic in response to the oppressive policies of apartheid.

What was apartheid in South Africa?

Apartheid was a system of legalized racial segregation introduced by the white minority government.

What organization did Nelson Mandela belong to that led nonviolent resistance against apartheid?

The African National Congress.

What forms of nonviolent resistance did Mandela and the African National Congress employ?

They organized strikes and boycotts.

What event led to Mandela's shift from nonviolent to violent resistance?

The Sharpeville Massacre, where police fired into a crowd, killing and injuring many.

What was the outcome of Mandela's treason trial?

Mandela was jailed for more than two decades for his leadership in violent resistance.

What significant political position did Mandela achieve after his release from prison?

He became the president of South Africa.

What was Augusto Pinochet's role in Chile during the Cold War?

He led a military coup to overthrow the democratically elected President Salvador Allende.

How did Pinochet respond to opposition during his rule?

He violently suppressed opposition through raids, executions, and torture.

Who was Idi Amin and what was his approach to conflict in Uganda?

Idi Amin was a dictator who assumed power through a military coup and responded to conflict with exceptional violence.

What group did Idi Amin target in Uganda and why?

He targeted the South Asian population, blaming them for economic issues and claiming they were responsible for taking resources from Ugandans.

What was the impact of the Sharpeville Massacre on anti-apartheid activists?

It led to increased outrage and a shift towards violent resistance among activists.

What was the significance of Mandela's presidency in the context of apartheid?

His presidency marked the end of apartheid in South Africa.

What was the relationship between the United States and Pinochet's regime?

The United States provided significant support to Pinochet during his rise to power.

What were the consequences of Pinochet's dictatorship for political opponents?

Political opponents faced violent repression, including torture and execution.

What was the political climate in Uganda during Idi Amin's rule?

It was characterized by exceptional violence and the demonization of certain ethnic groups.

How did the Cold War influence the actions of leaders like Pinochet?

Leaders like Pinochet were supported by the United States due to their anti-Marxist stance.

What were the broader implications of nonviolent versus violent resistance in the context of global power structures?

Nonviolent resistance was less frequent compared to violent responses, which often intensified conflict and suffering.

In what ways did Mandela's actions reflect a shift in the strategies of anti-apartheid activists?

Mandela's shift from nonviolence to violence reflected a response to the extreme oppression faced by black South Africans.

What was the significance of the African National Congress in the struggle against apartheid?

It was a key organization that led the fight for black South African rights and equality.

Who was known as the Butcher of Uganda and why?

Idi Amin was known as the Butcher of Uganda due to the violent campaigns he carried out against his own people, resulting in numerous deaths.

What were the estimated death tolls during Amin's rule in Uganda?

Estimates range from 80,000 to half a million deaths.

What was one response of states to fear and economic pressure after 1900?

States built up their militaries as a response to anxiety about the future.

Which two countries are highlighted as examples of military buildup during the Cold War?

The United States and the Soviet Union.

What is the military industrial complex?

A system where military spending increases lead to more jobs in the defense industry, making it economically profitable to produce and sell weapons.

How did military spending affect policy decisions in the United States?

Cutting military spending would risk putting many people out of work, influencing policymakers to maintain or increase military budgets.

What is terrorism in the context of achieving political goals?

Terrorism is the use of violence against civilians to achieve political objectives.

Who founded Al Qaeda and what was its main grievance?

Al Qaeda was founded and led by Osama bin Laden, who had grievances concerning U.S. involvement in Middle Eastern states.

What was the most infamous terrorist act committed by Al Qaeda?

The September 11th attacks on the United States, which resulted in over 3,000 American deaths.

Did the September 11th attacks deter U.S. involvement in the Middle East?

No, the attacks intensified U.S. involvement in the region.

What was the impact of the military industrial complex on global violence?

It made violence more profitable as countries continued to produce and sell weapons.

What were the targets of Amin's violent campaigns?

Amin's campaigns targeted ethnic groups, political enemies, and individuals he deemed enemies.

What role did economic pressure play in military buildup?

Economic pressure caused states to worry about their future, leading them to defend themselves by increasing military capabilities.

What does the term 'self-feeding cycle' refer to in the context of military spending?

As military spending increases, more jobs are created in the defense industry, which in turn leads to further military spending.

What was the relationship between military spending and job creation?

Increased military spending created jobs, leading to a reliance on the defense industry for employment.

How did Amin's rule exemplify the use of violence in governance?

Amin's rule exemplified the use of violence as a tool for suppressing dissent and maintaining power.

What were the consequences of the violent campaigns in Uganda?

The campaigns led to widespread fear, instability, and significant loss of life among civilians.

How did Al Qaeda's actions relate to U.S. foreign policy?

Al Qaeda's terrorist acts aimed to compel the U.S. to change its foreign policies in the Middle East.

What was the broader context of global resistance to power structures after 1900?

The period saw various groups and states responding to perceived injustices and threats through violence and military buildup.

What is the significance of the term 'political goals' in relation to terrorism?

Political goals refer to the objectives that terrorist groups seek to achieve through acts of violence.

What was the effect of the military industrial complex on international relations?

It contributed to an arms race and heightened tensions between nations.

What does the term 'grievances' refer to in the context of Al Qaeda?

Grievances refer to the perceived injustices and issues that motivated Al Qaeda's actions against the U.S. and its allies.

What was the impact of the Cold War on military spending?

The Cold War led to significant increases in military spending as nations sought to outpace each other's military capabilities.

What event in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War?

The collapse of the entire Soviet Union.

What were the three main causes for the end of the Cold War?

Technological advancements, military advancements, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

What was the state of nuclear weapons between the U.S. and the Soviets by the early 1980s?

Both had over 12,000 nuclear missiles pointed at one another.

What concept kept the U.S. and the Soviet Union from launching nuclear weapons at each other?

Mutual assured destruction.

What was the period of relaxed tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1970s called?

Detente.

What treaty did Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign to limit nuclear weapons?

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, or SALT I.

Who was elected U.S. president in 1980 and took a harder line against the Soviets?

Ronald Reagan.

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) aimed at?

It aimed to render nuclear attacks on the U.S. obsolete by using space-based systems to shoot down missiles.

What nickname was given to the Strategic Defense Initiative?

Star Wars.

What was a major flaw in the Soviet Union's ability to compete with U.S. military spending?

The Soviet economy had been stagnant since the 1970s and could not support high military spending.

What was the second cause of the Soviet collapse and the end of the Cold War?

The failed Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

In 1979.

What was the purpose of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

To prop up a communist regime against Afghan Muslim groups.

Who supported the Afghan rebels against the Soviet invasion?

The United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.

What type of warfare did the Afghan rebels use against the Soviets?

Guerilla warfare.

How long did the Soviet Union wage war in Afghanistan?

For nine years.

What effect did the war in Afghanistan have on the Soviet economy?

It further depressed the Soviet economy.

What was the main reason for the Soviet Union's inability to win the war in Afghanistan?

They could not win against the rural guerilla warfare waged by the Afghan rebels.

What was the impact of Ronald Reagan's military spending on the Soviet Union?

It pressured the Soviet Union to attempt to keep up with U.S. military and technological investments.

What was the outcome of the Soviet attempts to match U.S. military spending?

It led to further economic decline in the Soviet Union.

What was a major consequence of the Soviet Union's economic decline during the Cold War?

It contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.

What did the U.S. and Soviet Union agree to prohibit under SALT I?

Further manufacture of nuclear weapons.

What was the economic condition of the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s?

The Soviet economy was in crisis, limited, and stifled.

Who was the Soviet leader that rose to power in 1985?

Mikhail Gorbachev.

What was the first major policy introduced by Gorbachev to address economic issues?

Perestroika, which was a restructuring of the economy to reduce government central planning.

What does the policy of Glasnost mean?

Glasnost means 'openness' and allowed for dissent and criticism of the government.

What was the response of the Soviet Union to the Prague Spring in 1968?

The Soviets violently crushed the protests but faced increasing discontent.

What did Gorbachev decide regarding military intervention in Eastern Europe?

He decided that the Soviet Union would no longer use military intervention to prop up communist governments.

What was the impact of Gorbachev's reforms on Eastern European countries?

Democratic movements erupted as these countries took advantage of the loosening Soviet grip.

What significant event occurred in 1989 related to Germany?

The Berlin Wall was torn down and Germany was reunited.

What happened to the Soviet Union in 1991?

The Soviet legislature voted to dissolve the Soviet Union, marking the end of the Cold War.