Mammal bones and muscles

Thorax, ending at the bottom of the ribs

Abdomen

Two trunk divisions of mammals

Brachium, antebrachium, Manus

Thigh, Shank, Pes

proximal to distal divisions of tetrapod forelimbs and hindlimbs

Foot pads, friction ridges (fingerprints)

Two homologous structures on tetrapod feet

Hair, Soles of feet, Rhinarium (bare patch around nose)

Mammary glands (not visible when not lactating except primates)

2 unique trait to mammals and where one isn’t found on the body

Sensory, secondarily insulating

hair primary function and secondary developed function

External auditory meatus

Pinna is the ear, the tissue directing sound in

AKA ear canal

Pinna morphology and function

Nictitating membrane

Third eyelid in many mammals like the mink drawn laterally across the eye

Parietal (55) forms dorsal quadrant of braincase

Sole remaining bone on skull roof

Auditory bulla, as incus and malleus

Stapes

Quadrate and articular in mammalian jaw

What do they articulate with

Postorbital process

Arches over orbit protecting the eye

Postorbital par is reduced to this in mammals and what it does

Premaxilla, b/w nasal (47) and maxilla (4)

5 and it’s flange between 47 and 4

Connects mouth and vomeronasal organ for sensory information, hence why many animals open their mouth to smell better

Incisive foramen function

Palatine, flange on each forms anterolateral wall of pterygoid fossa, they articulate with vomer and presphenoid

A caudal extension of the nasal cavity

31, function, articulation

Pterygoid fossa def

Vertical flange forming caudal wall of pterygoid fossa

Reduced pterygoid function in mammals

Vomer (39) separates halves of nasal cavity

Basisphenoid (20), extensions articulate w/ anterior edge of auditory bulla. That forms a tube for equalizing air pressure

39 function

20 function

Squamosal (65) forms lower quadrant of braincase, contributes to zygomatic arch (cheek bone)

Jugal (3) forms anterior half of zygomatic arch

Lacrimal (48)

65, what it forms, contributes to, alternative name of what it contributes to

3, what it forms

48 within the orbit

Dorsal half by frontal (45)

On top, postorbital process as remnant of postorbital bar

What the orbit is formed by

Dentary

Coronoid processes for temporalis muscle attachment

Lower jaw one bone all of it mammals

It’s flanges and function of them

Brachium = Humerus

Antebrachium = Radius and ulna

Manus = Carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (digits)

Forelimb divisions and coinciding bone

Thigh = Femur

Shank = Tibia and fibula (shin)

Pes = Tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), phalanges (toes)

Hindlimb divisions and coinciding bone

Masseter, Zygomatic arch to mandible, adducts mandible

88 origin insertion function

Temporalis, side of skull to coronoid process (of dentary)

129 origin insertion function

Sternomastoideus, sternum (cranial), mastoid region of skull, depress or rotate head

123 insertion origin function

Cleidomastoideus, na, flexes neck

45