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causes of migration
spatial mobility
all forms of geographical movement, including daily commutes
social mobility
change in social hierarchy (“climbing the ladder”)
migration
long-tern relocation of people
migrant/mover
someone who migrates
non-migrant/stayer
someone who doesn’t migrate
origin
person’s location before migration
destination
place a migrant goes to
emigration/out-migration
act of leaving a place of origin (emigration is on national scale)
immigration/in-migration
act of coming into a destination (immigration is on national scale)
immgirant/in-migrant
someone who moves into a place
emigrant/out-migrant
someone who moves out of a place
migration stream
collective movement of migrants from origin to destination
counterstream
people moving opposite to migration stream
example of migration stream/counterstream
migration stream: people move from FL to NY for college
counterstream: people move from NY to FL for retirement
net migration
difference between the number of in and out migrants
net migration rate (NMR)
impact of migration on population change (net migration/population * 1000)
pattern in NMR based on development
NMR is negative in LDC’s and positive in MDC’s
abnormalities in NMR
migrant labor countries (ex. Bahrain) have high NMR
warring countries (ex. Syria) have very negative NMR
law of migration and distance
most people don’t migrate and will migrate to nearby places if they do
migration by stages
migration progresses step by step (residents near a city will move in and their gaps will be filled by rural immigrants)
long-distance migration
long-distance migrants usually move to economic centers
stream and counterstream
each main migration stream has a corresponding counterstream
urban-rural difference
urban people migrate less (hasn’t been true)
gender difference
women tend to migrate domestically and men tend to migrate internationally
migrant characteristics
most migrants are adults and families rarely migrate
migration and urban growth
large towns grow more by immigration than natural growth
migration volume over time
industrial development and transportation improvements lead to increases in immigration
migration direction
most migrants migrate from agricultural areas to industrial/commercial areas
migration motive
most people migrate for economic reasons
criticism of ravenstein’s laws
they were formulated when europe and north america industrialized (people flocked to cities for jobs on horses/by foot), so they might not be relevant anymore
migration age profile
stable relationship between migration and age across countries
what are the transition points that shape the migration age profile? (4)
very young kids migrating with parents
finishing college and starting work (25, peak age)
retirement (60’s)
most mobile bracket is 18-34
why aren’t immigrants representative of the native population at their destination?
migration is very selective
migration selectivity on regional scale
younger, more educated people tend to move from rural areas to cities
migration selectivity on national scale
people move from LDC’s to MDC’s
brain drain
a country loses younger, skilled/educated people to emigration
brain gain
a country gains younger, skilled/educated people from immigration
effects of Poland brain drain after joining EU
it was easier for people to go work in the UK, Germany, etc. so they did
negative impact on economy
labor shortage
lowering income tax and adding benefits had limited impacts
how do age and gender play a role in migration?
if they’re migrating for jobs, people from the gender that dominates a job sector in the destination will migrate (ex. males for oil, females for clothing)
old people tend to go to retirement towns and young people go to college towns
why do people migrate despite the stress?
they believe they’ll be better off in their destination country
push-pull theory of migration
2 contrasting sets of factors influence migration decisions
push factors
factors that make people unhappy with where they are and influence them to leave
push factors
factors that are appealing and draw people in
how can wages and employment be push and pull factors?
low wages → push, high wages → pull
low employment at origin → push, low employment at destination → pull
how can a good school system be both a push and pull factor?
families with school-aged children → pull, elderly that don’t want to pay higher property tax → push
which factors are more important and why?
push factors are more important because people would probably stay where they are as long as their life isn’t at risk
examples of push factors (7)
population pressure
persecution
war/civil unrest
natural disasters
crime
job/house loss
disease
examples of persecution being a push factor (2)
puritan settlement in america after being rejected in england
muslims relocated to pakistan after the split of british india
example of disease being a push factor
uninfected people abandoned sick people/cities or went to the countryside to flee the Black Death
how are economic opportunities pull factors?
lots of migrants move to seek resources and jobs (ex. Great Migration)
how are climate and physical amenities pull factors?
people like nice scenery, pleasant climate, and other positive physical traits (aka amenities)
ex. retirees like sunbelt states for sunny climate
ex. young people like Colorado for skiing, hiking, and rock climbing
how are high living standards and better housing pull factors?
many people move to MDC’s for higher living standards because MDC’s are richer and can provide more resources
people may move to the suburbs for more space/housing
why do we also consider intervening obstacles and opportunities?
because push and pull factors can’t fully explain migration
intervening obstacle
complications migrants have to overcome to reach their destination
3 intervening obstacles
distance: the farther you have to travel, the more expensive it gets
legal environment/migration laws (ex. visa processing time, DMZ)
inertia: unwillingness to leave a familiar place
how can obstacles affect people differently? (2)
if people can afford transportation, distance is less of a concern
tech that helps us stay connected reduces inertia
social networks
people’s friends and relatives
impact of social networks on migration
reduces cost of migration by providing jobs, housing, and information regarding the area for a smoother transition
intervening opportunity
a nearby attractive area migrants decide to settle in instead of their intended destination
Note
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