Global systems and governance 2

What are the five main dimensions of globalisation?

Flows of capital, labour, products, services, and information.

What is global marketing?

Coordinated marketing across global regions to promote brand identity and sales.

What are patterns of production, distribution and consumption?

Movement of goods and services from origin to consumer across global markets.

What are the main technological and systemic factors driving globalisation?

Advances in transport, communication, finance, security, and management systems.

How do transport systems contribute to globalisation?

Enable movement of goods, people and materials globally.

What is the role of communication technologies in globalisation?

Accelerate information exchange, decision-making and remote collaboration.

What are financial systems in the context of globalisation?

Global investment networks and institutions facilitating capital flow.

How do trade agreements support globalisation?

Reduce trade barriers and promote international economic cooperation.

What forms of global interdependence exist today?

Economic, political, social, and environmental interdependence.

How does interdependence promote stability, growth and development?

Encourages cooperation, spreads innovation, supports development.

How can global interdependence cause inequality and injustice?

Can create dependency, marginalise weaker economies, and widen inequality.

How do unequal flows of people, money, ideas and tech impact countries differently?

Richer countries benefit more from flows, poorer ones often exploited or left out.

How do unequal power relations influence global systems and geopolitical events?

Powerful states shape global policies; weaker ones have limited influence.

What are current global trends in the volume and pattern of trade and investment?

Trade and investment have grown rapidly, with increased flows to and from emerging markets.

What trading relationships exist between major developed economies?

Strong links between USA, EU, and Japan involving high-value trade.

What trade links exist between developed, emerging and developing countries?

. Emerging economies like China/India trade heavily with developed and developing nations.

How does differential access to markets relate to levels of development?

Richer countries benefit from better access through trade deals and infrastructure

What impact does market access have on economic well-being?

Access increases opportunities, income, investment.

What impact does market access have on societal well-being?

Access improves services, job quality, and infrastructure.

What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

Large companies operating across multiple countries.

What is meant by the spatial organisation of a TNC?

TNCs decentralise production but centralise HQ functions

What are the production and linkage patterns of TNCs?

Global supply chains link multiple production stages and countries

What are trading and marketing patterns of TNCs?

Products marketed worldwide using global branding and distribution networks

. What are the geographical impacts of TNCs on host countries?

Can bring investment and jobs but also exploitation, environmental harm.

What are the geographical impacts of TNCs on their origin countries?

Profit returns, HQ concentration but also job loss due to outsourcing

What are key trade patterns for a global food or manufacturing commodity?

E.g. cocoa trade shows global inequalities and dependency.

How do global systems and trade affect people’s everyday lives?

Access to goods, jobs, culture, and media shaped by global systems.

What are global governance norms, laws and institutions?

Shared standards and institutions regulating global activities.

. What is the purpose of global governance?

To manage global issues and promote international cooperation.

What role do UN agencies play in global governance?

Coordinate efforts in peacekeeping, development, environment.

How can global governance promote stability and growth?

Can reduce conflict and foster development initiatives.

How can global governance worsen inequalities and injustices?

May impose unfair rules, fail to represent poorer nations.

Why are interactions across scales important in global governance?

Local to global connections influence success and fairness of governance.

What are the ‘global commons’?

Areas beyond national jurisdiction, e.g. oceans, atmosphere, outer space, Antarctica.

What rights do people have in relation to global commons?

All people have a right to share and benefit responsibly

How should sustainable development relate to protecting the global commons?

Development should not undermine long-term viability of global commons

Where is Antarctica located and what defines its physical geography?

Remote southern continent with extreme cold, dry climate and unique ecosystems

Why is Antarctica considered a global common?

No sovereign ownership, protected by treaties for peace and science.

How is Antarctica vulnerable to economic and environmental change?

Vulnerable to warming, ecosystem disruption, commercial pressures.

What threats does climate change pose to Antarctica?

Ice melt, sea level rise, habitat loss.

How do fishing and whaling threaten Antarctica?

Depletes fish stocks, disturbs ecosystems.

What threats does mineral resource exploration pose in Antarctica?

Could cause pollution and irreversible damage.

What are the impacts of tourism and scientific research in Antarctica?

Waste, disturbance to wildlife, pollution from infrastructure.

What is the Antarctic Treaty (1959) and its purpose?

Establishes Antarctica as scientific preserve, bans military activity.

What is the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty?

Bans mining and promotes environmental protection.

What is the 1982 IWC Whaling Moratorium and its impact?

Bans commercial whaling to protect whale populations

How is compliance with Antarctic governance monitored?

Through inspections, reporting and monitoring by treaty nations.

What role do NGOs play in protecting Antarctica?

Monitor threats, raise awareness, pressure governments

What are the global impacts of governance in Antarctica?

Encourages international cooperation and environmental leadership

What are the local (Antarctic) impacts of global governance?

Preserves unique ecosystem and limits human impact.

What are the benefits of globalisation?

Growth, investment, cultural exchange, innovation.

What are the costs of globalisation?

Inequality, exploitation, cultural erosion, environmental harm.

How can globalisation promote integration and development?

Opens markets, spreads ideas, increases cooperation.

How can globalisation result in inequality and environmental harm?

Exploits resources, intensifies climate issues, widens wealth gap.